Ciclopirox (Penlac) is a synthetic antifungal agent.Target: AntifungalCiclopirox is a synthetic antifungal agent for topical dermatologic treatment of superficial mycoses. It is most useful against Tinea versicolor. The mechanism of action of ciclopirox is poorly understood [1]. However, loss of function of certain catalase and peroxidase enzymes has been implicated as the mechanism of action, as well as various other components of cellular metabolism. In a study conducted to further elucidate ciclopirox's mechanism, several Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants were screened and tested. Results from interpretation of the effects of both the drug treatment and mutation suggested that ciclopirox may exert its effect by disrupting DNA repair, cell division signals and structures (mitotic spindles) as well as some elements of intracellular transport [2]. It acts by inhibiting the membrane transfer system by interrupting the Na+ K+ ATPase [1]. It is currently being investigated as an alternative treatment to ketoconazole for seborrhoeic dermatitis as it suppresses growth of the yeast Malassezia furfur. Initial results show similar efficacy to ketoconazole with a relative increase in subjective symptom relief due to its inherent anti-inflammatory properties [3].
Undecanoic acid-d21 is the deuterium labeled Undecanoic acid. Undecanoic acid (Undecanoate) is a monocarboxylic acid with antimycotic property, which inhibits the production of exocellular keratinase, lipase and the biosynthesis of several phospholipids in T. rubrum[1].
R66905 is a broad-spectrum antifungal triazole and has potent activity against Aspergillus with an MIC90 of 0.19 mg/L.
Tecnazene (2,3,5,6-Tetrachloronitrobenzene) is a fungicide and is used as a sprout inhibitor on stored potatoes[1].
Verrucarin J (Muconomycin B) is a metabolite of the Myrothecium fungus family. Verrucarin J generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induces apoptosis of cancer cell lines, such as A549, HCT 116 and SW-620 cells. Verrucarin J shows activities against Candida albicans and Mucor miehei. Verrucarin J inhibits arenavirus Junin (JUNV) yield with an IC50 of 1.2 ng/mL[1][2][3][4][5].
Rezafungin (Biafungin) is a next-generation, broad-spectrum, and long-lasting echinocandin. Rezafungin shows potent antifungal activity against Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., and Pneumocystis spp.[1][2].
Ferbam (Iron(III) dimethyldithiocarbamate) is a potent fungicide[1].
Validamycin A is an aminoglycoside agricultural antibiotic. Validamycin A inhibits the growth of A. flavus, with a MIC of 1 μg/mL[1]. Validamycin A is a reversible tyrosinase inhibitor, with a Ki of 5.893 mM[2].
Berkeleyacetal C, a meroterpenoid compound, shows favorable activity of inhibiting nitrogen oxide (NO) production of macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Berkeleyacetal C exerts anti-inflammatory effects via inhibiting NF-κB, ERK1/2 and IRF3 signaling pathways[1].
Filipin, produced as a mixture of related compounds known as the filipin complex (filipins I-IV) in nature[1], is a 28-membered ring pentaene macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by S. filipinensis, S. avermitilis and S. miharaensis. Filipin interacts with membrane sterols causing the alteration of membrane structure. Filipin III is the major component of Filipin[2].
Tetraconazole, a chiral triazole fungicide, is widely used for the prevention of plant disease in wheat fields[1]. Tetraconazole alters the methionine and ergosterol biosynthesis pathways in Saccharomyces yeasts promoting changes on volatile derived compounds[2].
Kanosamine hydrochloride is an antibiotic which inhibits the growth of plant-pathogenic oomycetes, certain fungi and a few bacterial species. Kanosamine inhibits Phytophthora medicaginis M2913 and Aphanomyces euteiches WI-98 with MICs of 25 and 60 µg/mL, respectively.
Antifungal agent 70 (compound 13) is a dihydroeugenol-imidazole against multi-resistant Candida auris (MIC: 36.4 μM). Antifungal agent 70 shows antifungal activity[1].
Cymoxanil is a fungicidal against plant diseases caused by fungi belonging to the Perenosporales[1].
L685818 is a specific immunophilin ligand. L685818 was neuroregenerative and non-neuroprotective in primary brain cultures. L685818 protects dopaminergic neurons from toxic inhibition of MPP+ and 6-OHDA, reduces tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) loss, and promotes neuronal process regeneration. L685818 is also an antifungal reagent for Cryptococcus neoformans[1][2].
Propamocarb is a systemic fungicide. Propamocarb is widely used to protect cucumbers, tomatoes and other plants from pathogens[1].
4-Chlorocinnamic acid has inhibitory effects on tyrosinase. 4-Chlorocinnamic acid has antibacterial activity. 4-Chlorocinnamic acid also inhibits Colletotrichum gloeosporioides growth[1][2][3].
Rubropunctamine is a red azaphilone pigment isolated from the extracts of Monascus pilosus-fermented rice (red-mold rice). Rubropunctamine has anti-inflammation activities[1][2].
Prodigiosin (Prodigiosine) is a secondary metabolite of Symbiotic bacteria, with anti-fungal and anti-cancer activity[1][2].
SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro-IN-3 (Compound 3d) is a SARS CoV-2 3CLpro inhibitor with antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal activities[1].
Pentamidine (MP-601205) dimesylate is an antimicrobial agent and interferes with DNA biosynthetics. Pentamidine dimesylate inhibits parasite Leishmania infantum with an IC50 of 2.5 μM. Pentamidine dimesylate is a potent and selective protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) and phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL) inhibitor. Pentamidine dimesylate has the potential for Gambian trypanosomiasis, antimony-resistant leishmaniasis, and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia treatment. Antitumor and antibacterial activities[1][2][3][4].
Neocnidilide is an alkylphthalide, which has the activity of inhibiting the growth of mycotoxin-producing fungi. Neocnidilide also has larvicidal activity against D. melanogaster with a LC50 value of 9.9 μmol/mL[1][2].
Antifungal agent 74 (compound 3c) is a potent antifungal agent that displays excellent fungicidal activity against C. arachidicola and R. solani. Antifungal agent 74 exerts its fungicidal activity by disrupting steroid biosynthesis and ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes[1].
Myclobutanil is a conazole class fungicide widely used as an agrichemical.
Avenaciolide is an antifungal bis-γ-lactone found in Aspergillus avenaceus. Avenaciolide has also antibacterial action. Avenaciolide is a specific inhibitor of glutamate transport in rat liver mitochondria. Avenaciolide interferes with the ability of ADP to stimulate the rate of glutamate oxidation[1][2].
Eleutherol is a naphthalene isolated from E. americana with antifungal activities[1]. Eleutherol is against yeasts Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Cryptococcus neoformans with MIC values between 7.8 µg/mL and 250 µg/mL[1]. Eleutherol inhibits α-glucosidase function with an IC50>1.00 mM[2].
Monaschromone, a polyketide metabolite, significantly inhibits the growth of B. cinerea, A. solani, M. oryzae, and G. saubinettii, with the MIC values ranging from 6.25 to 12.5 μM[1].
Caulilexin C is a phytoalexin from crucifers with antifungal activity[1].
Graveoline (Rutamine) is an anti-cancer agent that can trigger apoptosis and autophagy in skin melanoma cells. Graveoline also exhibits antifungal activity[1].
Tolnaftate is a synthetic thiocarbamate used as an anti-fungal agent. Target: AntifungalTolnaftate blocked sterol biosynthesis in fungal cells and cell extracts, with accumulation of squalene. This point of action was confirmed by the direct inhibition of microsomal squalene epoxidase from Candida albicans [1]. Tolnaftate inhibited sterol biosynthesis, At 100 microM, tolnaftate caused up to a 30% release of intracellular [14C]aminoisobutyric acid [2].