Cell apoptosis, sometimes called programmed cell death, is a cellular self-destruction method to remove old and damaged cells during development and aging to protect cells from external disturbances and maintain homeostasis. Apoptosis also occurs as a defense mechanism such as in immune reactions or when cells are damaged by disease or noxious agents.

Apoptosis is controlled by many genes and involves two fundamental pathways: the extrinsic pathway, which transmits death signals by the death receptor (DR), and the intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway. The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is activated by the binding of the death ligand to DRs, including FasL, TNF-α, and TRAIL, on the plasma membrane. The DR, adaptor protein (FADD), and associated apoptosis signaling molecule (caspase-8) form the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), thus leading to the activation of the effector caspase cascade (caspase-3, -6, and -7). The mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptosis pathway is regulated by Bcl-2 family proteins, including proapoptotic (Bid, Bax, Bak) and antiapoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL).

Abnormalities in cell apoptosis can be a significant component of diseases such as cancer, autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, AIDS, ischemia, and neurode-generative diseases. These diseases may benefit from artificially inhibiting or activating apoptosis. A short list of potential methods of anti-apoptotic therapy includes stimulation of the IAP (inhibitors of apoptosis proteins) family of proteins, caspase inhibition, PARP (poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase) inhibition, stimulation of the PKB/Akt (protein kinase B) pathway, and inhibition of Bcl-2 proteins.

Ferroptosis and necroptosis are recently recognized forms of regulated cell death that differs considerably from apoptosis. Misregulated ferroptosis or necroptosis have also been implicated in multiple physiological and pathological processes, including cancer cell death, neurotoxicity, neurodegenerative diseases, etc.

References:
[1] Susan Elmore. Toxicol Pathol. 2007; 35(4): 495–516.
[2] Cao L, et al. J Cell Death. 2016 Dec 29;9:19-29.
[3] Dasgupta A, et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Jan; 18(1): 23.
[4] Xie Y, et al. Cell Death Differ. 2016 Mar;23(3):369-79.


Anti-infection >
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Antibody-drug Conjugate >
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Apoptosis >
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15-PGDH 5 alpha Reductase 5-Lipoxygenase Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Acyltransferase Adenosine Deaminase Adenosine Kinase Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) Aldose Reductase Aminopeptidase Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE) ATGL ATP Citrate Lyase Carbonic Anhydrase Carboxypeptidase Cathepsin CETP COMT Cytochrome P450 Dipeptidyl Peptidase Dopamine β-hydroxylase E1/E2/E3 Enzyme Elastase Enolase FAAH FABP Factor Xa Farnesyl Transferase Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) FXR Glucokinase GSNOR Gutathione S-transferase HCV Protease Hexokinase HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase HIV Integrase HIV Protease HMG-CoA Reductase (HMGCR) HSP Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH) Lactate Dehydrogenase LXR MAGL Mineralocorticoid Receptor Mitochondrial Metabolism MMP Nampt NEDD8-activating Enzyme Neprilysin PAI-1 PDHK PGC-1α Phosphatase Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Phospholipase Procollagen C Proteinase Proteasome Pyruvate Kinase RAR/RXR Renin ROR Ser/Thr Protease SGK Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD) Thrombin Tryptophan Hydroxylase Tyrosinase Xanthine Oxidase
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Protein Tyrosine Kinase/RTK >
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Vildagliptin-d3

Vildagliptin-d3 (LAF237-d3) is the deuterium labeled Vildagliptin. Vildagliptin (LAF237) is a potent, stable, selective dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor with an IC50 of 3.5 nM in human Caco-2 cells. Vildagliptin possesses excellent oral bioavailability and potent antihyperglycemic activity[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 1217546-82-1
  • MF: C17H22D3N3O2
  • MW: 306.41800
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

SEC

SEC induces activation of ANXA7 GTPase via the AMPK/mTORC1/STAT3 signaling pathway. SEC selectively promotes apoptosis in cancer cells, expressing a high level of ITGB4 by inducing ITGB4 nuclear translocation[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 1802997-81-4
  • MF: C22H23ClN2O5
  • MW: 430.88
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Taccalonolide E

Taccalonolide E is a microtubule stabilizer and induces cancer cell apoptosis.

  • CAS Number: 134954-57-7
  • MF: C34H44O12
  • MW: 644.71
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

RIP1 kinase inhibitor 6

RIP1 kinase inhibitor 6 is a potent and selective RIP1 kinase inhibitor with an IC50 of < 100 nM in human R1P1 kinase assay. RIP1 kinase inhibitor 6 is extracted from patent WO2020103884, example 80[1].

  • CAS Number: 2428401-62-9
  • MF: C19H18F2N2O3
  • MW: 360.35
  • Catalog: RIP kinase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

PROTAC EGFR degrader 5

PROTAC EGFR degrader 5 (Compound 10), a PROTAC EGFR degrader, potently degrades EGFRDel19 in HCC827 cells with the DC50 of 34.8 nM. PROTAC EGFR degrader 5 significantly induces the apoptosis of HCC827 cells and arrest the cells in G1 phase[1].

  • CAS Number: 2409793-36-6
  • MF: C57H72FN13O5S
  • MW: 1070.33
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

p53-MDM2-IN-1

p53-MDM2-IN-1 (Example 30) is an inhibitor of p53-MDM2/X protein interaction with an Ki value of 23.35 µM. p53-MDM2-IN-1 can be used for anti-tumor research[1].

  • CAS Number: 381717-91-5
  • MF: C23H20ClN3O3
  • MW: 421.88
  • Catalog: MDM-2/p53
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 686.1±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 368.7±31.5 °C

(E/Z)-E64FC26

(E/Z)-E64FC26 is a mixture complex of E-E64FC26 and Z-E64FC26. E64FC26 (E-E64FC26) is a potent pan-inhibitor of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family, with IC50s of 1.9, 20.9, 25.9, 16.3, and 25.4 μM against PDIA1, PDIA3, PDIA4, TXNDC5, and PDIA6. E64FC26 shows anti-myeloma activity[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 2285446-67-3
  • MF: C19H23F3O2
  • MW: 340.38
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Bcl-2-IN-11

Bcl-2-IN-11 (compound 6) is a potent and selective Bcl-2 activity inhibitor, with an IC50 of 0.9 nM. Bcl-2-IN-11 shows weak inhibition of Bcl-xl (IC50 > 1000 nM). Bcl-2-IN-11 can be used for the research of a variety of cancers caused by abnormal overexpression of Bcl-2 family proteins: especially malignant hematologic diseases of acute lymphoid leukemia, etc. Bcl-2-IN-11 can also avoid toxic side effects caused by Bcl-xl inhibition, such as thrombocytopenia[1].

  • CAS Number: 2760536-88-5
  • MF: C45H49ClFN7O8S
  • MW: 902.43
  • Catalog: Bcl-2 Family
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

EC-359

EC359 is a potent, selective, high affinity and orally active leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) inhibitor with a Kd of 10.2 nM, which directly interacts with LIFR to effectively block LIF/LIFR interactions[1].

  • CAS Number: 2012591-09-0
  • MF: C36H38F2O2
  • MW: 540.68
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Lutein

Lutein is a carotenoid with reported anti-inflammatory properties. A large body of evidence shows that lutein has several beneficial effects, especially on eye health[1].

  • CAS Number: 127-40-2
  • MF: C40H56O2
  • MW: 568.871
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.0±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 702.3±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 183℃
  • Flash Point: 269.1±27.5 °C

(R)-(+)-goniothalamin

Goniothalamin (GTN) is styryllactone with anticancer, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive properties. Goniothalamin induces cytotoxicity, DNA damage and apoptosis of a variety of cancer cell lines[1].

  • CAS Number: 17303-67-2
  • MF: C13H12O2
  • MW: 200.233
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 386.0±41.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 162.3±25.0 °C

ZX-29

ZX-29 is a potent and selective ALK inhibitor with an IC50 of 2.1 nM, 1.3 nM and 3.9 nM for ALK, ALK L1196M and ALK G1202R mutations, respectively. ZX-29 is inactive against EGFR. ZX-29 induces apoptosis by inducing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and overcomes cell resistance caused by an ALK mutation. ZX-29 also induces protective autophagy and has antitumor effect[1].

  • CAS Number: 2254805-62-2
  • MF: C23H28ClN7O3S
  • MW: 518.03
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

1-Vinyl-4-methoxy-β-carboline

Dehydrocrenatidine, a β-carboline alkaloid that can be isolated from Picrasma quassioides. Dehydrocrenatidine induces cell Apoptosis by activates ERK and JNK. Dehydrocrenatidine inhibits invasion and migration of cancer cells, it also suppresses neuronal excitability to exert analgesic effects[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 26585-13-7
  • MF: C14H12N2O
  • MW: 224.258
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 461.2±40.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 151.1±17.0 °C

Demethoxyfumitremorgin C

Demethoxyfumitremorgin C is a secondary metabolite of the marine fungus, Aspergillus fumigatus. Demethoxyfumitremorgin C induces prostate cancer cell apoptosis. Demethoxyfumitremorgin C activates caspase-3, -8, and -9, leading to PARP/ cleavage[1].

  • CAS Number: 111768-16-2
  • MF: C21H23N3O2
  • MW: 349.43
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 617.8±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 327.4±31.5 °C

NSC49652

NSC49652 (NSC 49652) is a compound targeting the transmembrane domain (TMD) of death receptor p75NTR with IC50 of 10 uM in AraTM assays, alters the relative conformation of p75NTR TMDs and induces dynamic changes in the full-length receptor in mammalian cells; induces apoptosis through p75NTR and the JNK pathway in neurons and affects the viability of melanoma cells, reduces tumor growth and improves survival in human melanoma xenograft model, orally available.

  • CAS Number: 908563-68-8
  • MF: C14H11NO2
  • MW: 225.243
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 414.3±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 204.4±28.7 °C

Sodium theophylline glycinate

Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) sodium glycinate is a potent phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, adenosine receptor antagonist, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activator. Theophylline sodium glycinate inhibits PDE3 activity to relax airway smooth muscle. Theophylline sodium glycinate has anti-inflammatory activity by increase IL-10 and inhibit NF-κB into the nucleus. Theophylline sodium glycinate induces apoptosis. Theophylline sodium glycinate can be used for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) research[1][2][3][4][5].

  • CAS Number: 8000-10-0
  • MF: C9H12N5NaO4
  • MW: 277.21200
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.465 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 454.1ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 272 - 274ºC
  • Flash Point: 228.4ºC

SD 1008

SD-1008 is a potent JAK inhibitor. SD-1008 inhibits tyrosyl phosphorylation of STAT3, JAK2 and Src. SD-1008 also reduces STAT3-dependent luciferase activity. SD-1008 enhances apoptosis induced by Paclitaxel in ovarian cancer cells via directly blocking the JAK-STAT3 signaling pathway[1].

  • CAS Number: 960201-81-4
  • MF: C18H19NO5
  • MW: 329.35
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

4-Hydroperoxy cyclophosphamide

4-Hydroperoxy cyclophosphamide is the active metabolite form of the prodrug Cyclophosphamide. 4-Hydroperoxy cyclophosphamide crosslinks DNA and induces T cell apoptosis independent of death receptor activation, but activates mitochondrial death pathways through production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). 4-Hydroperoxy cyclophosphamide is used to treat lymphomas and autoimmune disorders.

  • CAS Number: 39800-16-3
  • MF: C7H15Cl2N2O4P
  • MW: 293.08500
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.465g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 419.946ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 100-103ºC
  • Flash Point: 207.776ºC

6-Geranylnaringenin

Bonannione A (6-Geranylnaringenin; Mimulone), a prenylflavonoid, is an orally active and potent protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitor with an IC50 of 14 µM. Bonannione A triggers caspase-dependent Apoptosis. Bonannione A induces Autophagy through p53-mediated AMPK/mTOR pathway. Bonannione A shows anti-inflammatory, antiradical and anti-cancer activity[1][2][3].

  • CAS Number: 97126-57-3
  • MF: C25H28O5
  • MW: 408.48682
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.219±0.06 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 647.8±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 116-118 °C
  • Flash Point: N/A

GRI 977143

GRI977143 is a specific LPA2 receptor agonist, with an EC50 of 3.3 μM [1].

  • CAS Number: 325850-81-5
  • MF: C22H17NO4S
  • MW: 391.44000
  • Catalog: Caspase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Bax BH3 peptide (55-74), wild type

Bax BH3 peptide (55-74), wild type is a 20-amino acid Bax BH3 peptide (Bax 1) capable of inducing apoptosis in a variety of cell line models[1].

  • CAS Number: 299946-20-6
  • MF: C93H163N27O34S2
  • MW: 2267.60
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

DMUP

DMUP is a potent CD47-SIRPα axis inhibitor. DMUP induces apoptosis and increases the macrophage phagocytosis in A549 cells. DMUP decreases the expression of CD47 and SIRPα protein. DMUP shows antitumor activity[1].

  • CAS Number: 2364350-07-0
  • MF: C24H24Cl2N2O10Pt
  • MW: 766.44
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

MitoTam iodide, hydriodide

MitoTam iodide, hydriodide is a tamoxifen derivative[1], an electron transport chain (ETC) inhibitor, spreduces mitochondrial membrane potential in senescent cells and affects mitochondrial morphology[2].MitoTam iodide, hydriodide is an effective anticancer agent, suppresses respiratory complexes (CI-respiration) and disrupts respiratory supercomplexes (SCs) formation in breast cancer cells[1][2]. MitoTam iodide, hydriodide causes apoptosis[2].

  • CAS Number: 1634624-74-0
  • MF: C52H60I2NOP
  • MW: 999.82
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Quilizumab

Quilizumab (Anti-Human NGcGM3 Recombinant Antibody) is a humanized IgG1κ monoclonal antibody. Quilizumab targets the M1-prime segment of membrane-expressed IgE, leading to depletion of IgE-switched and memory B cells. Quilizumab has the potantial for the asthma research[1].

  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Simvastatin acid

Simvastatin acid (Tenivastatin) is an orally active HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) inhibitor. Simvastatin acid can reduce cholesterol synthesis and lower blood cholesterol levels[1]. Simvastatin acid shows anti-proliferation activities against cancer cells and induces apoptosis[2].

  • CAS Number: 121009-77-6
  • MF: C25H40O6
  • MW: 436.58200
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.13g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 607ºC at 760mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 198.2ºC

Bufotalidin

Hellebrigenin, one of bufadienolides belonging to cardioactive steroids, is isolated from traditional Chinese medicine Venenum Bufonis. Hellebrigenin induces DNA damage and cell cycle G2/M arrest. Hellebrigenin triggers mitochondria-mediated apoptosis.

  • CAS Number: 465-90-7
  • MF: C24H32O6
  • MW: 416.50700
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.419g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 626.3ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 175 °C
  • Flash Point: 215ºC

DRAK2-IN-16

DRAK2-IN-1, compound 16, is a potent, selective and ATP-competitive DRAK2 inhibitor with IC50and Kivalues of 3 nM and 0.26 nM, respectively.DRAK2-IN-1 also has inbitory effect on DRAK1 (IC50=51 nM)[1].

  • CAS Number: 871837-60-4
  • MF: C21H20N4O3
  • MW: 376.41
  • Catalog: DAPK
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

QVD-OPh

Q-VD-OPha is a irreversible pan-caspase inhibitor with potent antiapoptotic properties; inhibits caspase 7 with IC50 of 48 nM and 25-400 nM for other caspases including caspase 1, 3, 8, 9, 10, and 12. Q-VD-OPha is able to cross the blood-brain barrier.

  • CAS Number: 1135695-98-5
  • MF: C26H25F2N3O6
  • MW: 513.490
  • Catalog: Caspase
  • Density: 1.346±0.06 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 808.9±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 443.0±34.3 °C

CPTH2 hydrochloride

CPTH2 hydrochloride is a potent histone acetyltransferase (HAT) inhibitor. CPTH2 hydrochloride selectively inhibits the acetylation of histone H3 by Gcn5. CPTH2 hydrochloride induces apoptosis and decreases the invasiveness of a clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC) cell line through the inhibition of acetyltransferase p300 (KAT3B)[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 2108899-91-6
  • MF: C14H15Cl2N3S
  • MW: 328.260
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Thienopyridone

Thienopyridone is a potent and selective phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL) phosphatase inhibitor with IC50s of 173 nM, 277 nM and 128 nM for PRL-1, PRL-2, and PRL-3, respectively. Thienopyridone shows minimal effects on other phosphatases. Thienopyridone induces p130Cas cleavage and apoptosis and has anticancer effects[1].

  • CAS Number: 1018454-97-1
  • MF: C13H10N2OS
  • MW: 242.30
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A