Strictosidinic acid, an orally active glycoside indole monoterpene alkaloid isolated from Psychotria myriantha leaves, inhibits precursor enzymes of 5-HT biosynthesis and reduces the 5-HT levels. Strictosidinic acid has peripheral analgesic and antipyretic activities in mice[1][2].
Methiothepin mesylate is a potent and non-selective 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, with pKds of 7.10 (5-HT1A), 7.28 (5HT1B), 7.56 (5HT1C), 6.99 (5HT1D), 7.0 (5-HT5A), 7.8 (5-HT5B), 8.74 (5-HT6), and 8.99 (5-HT7), and pKis of 8.50 (5HT2A), 8.68 (5HT2B), and 8.35 (5HT2C).
NPS ALX Compound 4a dihydrochloride is a potent and selective 5-hydroxytryptamine6 (5-HT6) receptor antagonist with an IC50 of 7.2 nM and a Ki of 0.2 nM[1].
UNC9994, an analog of Aripiprazole, is a functionally selective β-arrestin-biased dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) agonist with EC50 <10 nM for β-arrestin-2 recruitment to D2 receptors. UNC9994 is simultaneously partial agonists of β-arrestin-2 translocation and antagonists of Gi-regulated cAMP production. Antipsychotic Activity[1].
Opiranserin (VVZ-149) hydrochloride, a non-opioid and non-NSAID analgesic candidate, is a dual antagonist of glycine transporter type 2 (GlyT2) and serotonin receptor 2A (5HT2A), with IC50s of 0.86 and 1.3 μM, respectively. Opiranserin hydrochloride shows antagonistic activity on rP2X3 (IC50=0.87 μM). Opiranserin hydrochloride is development as an injectable agent for the treatment of postoperative pain[1][2][3].
Pizotifen is a potent 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, with a high affinity for 5-HT1C binding site.
SB 206553 is a potent and selective 5-HT2B/5-HT2C receptor antagonist with pA2 of 8.89 for rat 5-HT2B, pKi of 7.92 for human 5-HT2C, displays >80-fold selectivity over other 5-HT receptor subtypes; exhibits anxiolytic-like properties both in vitro and in vivo. Anxiety Discontinued
Alosetron is a Serotonin 5HT3-receptor antagonist that is used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.IC50 Value: N/ATarget: 5-HT3 ReceptorAlosetron has an antagonist action on the 5-HT3 receptors of the enteric nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract. While being a 5-HT3 antagonist like ondansetron, it is not classified or approved as an antiemetic. Since stimulation of 5-HT3 receptors is positively correlated with gastrointestinal motility, alosetron's 5-HT3 antagonism slows the movement of fecal matter through the large intestine, increasing the extent to which water is absorbed, and decreasing the moisture and volume of the remaining waste products. From Wikipedia.
TG6-10-1 is an EP2 antagonist, shows low-nanomolar antagonist activity against only EP2, >300-fold selectivity over human EP3, EP4, and IP receptors, 100-fold selectivity over EP1 receptors. IC50 value: 7.5 μMTarget: serotonin 5-HT2B receptorin vitro: TG6-10-1, an analog of TG4-155 (a prostaglandin receptor EP2 antagonist, with a relatively short plasma half-life (0.6 h) and low brain:plasma ratio (0.3) after systemic administration in mice), which has a superior pharmacokinetic profile making it suitable for more extensive testing. TG6-10-1 had negligible effect on a panel of 40 enzymes, ion channels, receptors, and neurotransmitter transporters (IC50s > 10 μM), except that TG6-10-1 weakly inhibited the serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B (5-HT2B) receptor with IC50 = 7.5 μM. At a high concentration (10 μM), TG6-10-1 had little or no effect on the enzymatic activity of COX-1 (7% inhibition) and COX-2 (14% inhibition), and inhibited the leukotriene B4 (LTB4) receptor BLT1 by 1% .EP2 receptor activation by PGE2 stimulates adenylate cyclase to elevate cytoplasmic cAMP level. TG6-10-1 has a competitive mechanism of antagonism of the EP2 receptor with an equilibrium dissociation constant for the antagonist-receptor complex (KB) of 17.8 nM.in vivo: TG6-10-1 displayed a plasma half-life of 1.6 h and a brain:plasma ratio of 1.6 after systemic administration (5 mg/kg, i.p.) in mice. A significant increase in survival was observed in post-SE mice that received TG6-10-1 compared with those in the vehicle group. Administration of TG6-10-1 improved 1-wk survival from 60 to 90% after SE.
Thioridazine is an antipsychotic drug, used in the treatment of schizophrenia and psychosis, shows D4 selectivity or serotonin antagonism.
Spiperone hydrochloride (Spiroperidol hydrochloride) is a selective dopamine D2 receptor (Ki values of 0.06 nM, 0.6 nM, 0.08 nM, ~350 nM, ~3500 nM for D2, D3, D4, D1 and D5 receptors, respectively) and 5-HT2A/5-HT1A receptor (Kis of 1 nM/49 nM) antagonist. Spiperone hydrochloride is also a selective α1B-adrenoceptor antagonist. Spiperone hydrochloride activates calcium-activated chloride channel (CaCC). Antipsychotic and anti-inflammatory activities[1][2][3][4][5].
5-HT6/5-HT2A receptor ligand-2 (compound 42) is a brain-penetrant dual 5-HT6/5-HT2A receptor antagonist, with a Ki of 25 nM and 32 nM, respectively. 5-HT6/5-HT2A receptor ligand-2 shows pro-cognitive properties[1].
Alniditan is a potent 5-HT1B/1D receptors agonist, with IC50 of 1.7 and 1.3 nM in HEK 293 cells, and pKi value of 8.96 and 9.40 for 5-HT1B/1D receptors, respectively.
LP 12 hydrochloride (compound 21) is a potent and selective 5-HT7 receptor agonist with a Ki of 0.13 nM. LP 12 hydrochloride displays selectivity for 5-HT7 over D2, 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors (Ki values are 224 nM, 60.9 nM and >1000 nM, respectively)[1].
(R)-Mirtazapine ((R)-Org3770) is a R(−)-enantiomer of Mirtazapine with antinociceptive properties in an animal model of acute thermal nociception. (R)-Mirtazapine is a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. (R)-Mirtazapine is mainly metabolized by CYP3A4[1].
Tiospirone is a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist with affinity for D2, 5-HT1a, and 5-HT7, and sigma receptors. Tiospirone decreases consumption of ethanol while increasing food intake of rats. Tiospirone can also reduce the reinforcing properties of Cocaine exhibited in the conditioned place preference paradigm[1][2].
Sarizotan (EMD 128130) is an orally active serotonin 5-HT1A receptor and dopamine receptor agonist. Sarizotan (EMD 128130) exhibits IC50 values of 6.5 nM (rat 5-HT1A), 0.1 nM (human 5-HT1A), 15.1 nM (rat D2), 17 nM (human D2), 6.8 nM (human D3) and 2.4 nM (human D4.2), respectively[1].
BRL-15572 hydrochloride is a selective antagonist of h5-HT1D, displays high affinity for h5-HT1D receptors. BRL-15572 hydrochloride could be useful pharmacological agents to characterise 5-HT1D receptor mediated responses[1].
AR-A 2 is a selective 5-HT1B receptor antagonist, with high affinity to guinea pig cortex 5HT1B/1D and recombinant guinea pig 5-HT1B receptors (Ki=0.24 and 0.47 nM) and with 10-fold lower affinity to guinea pig 5-HT1D receptor (Ki, 5 nM), and shows an EC50 of 4.5 nM for the guinea pig 5-HT1B receptor; AR-A 2 can be used in the research of depression and anxiety.
Velusetrag (TD-5108) is a potent, selective and oral 5-HT4 receptor agonist with pKi of 7.7, shows >500-fold selectivity over other 5-HT receptors; displays >25-fold selectivity over other biogenic amine receptors, and no effect on hERG channels; increases the contractility of the canine antrum, duodenum and jejunum with higher potency than tegaserod, demonstrates robust in vivo activity in the guinea pig, rat and dog gastrointestinal tracts. Other Indication Phase 2 Clinical
Isopteropodine is heteroyohimbine-type oxindole alkaloid components of Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC. Isopteropodine acts as positive modulators of muscarinic M1 and 5-HT2 receptors[1].
CP 93129 dihydrochloride is a potent 5HT1B receptor agonist. CP 93129 dihydrochloride has the potential for parkinson's disease research[1].
LY 344864 hydrochloride is a selective 5-HT1F agonist with a Ki of 6 nM.
Trazodone HCl is an antidepressant belonging to the class of serotonin receptor antagonists and reuptake inhibitors for treatment of anxiety disorders.Target: 5-HT ReceptorTrazodone is a triazolopyridine derivative, chemically and pharmacologically unrelated to other currently available antidepressants. Trazodone has been successfully used in a small number of patients with depression and pre-existing cardiovascular disease. trazodone has also been used as a hypnotic for psychotropic-induced or other insomnias with some success [1]. Trazodone is an effective hypnotic for patients with antidepressant-associated insomnia [2]. Trazodone may be helpful in men with erectile dysfunction (ED), possibly more so at higher doses, and in men with psychogenic ED. Future high-quality trials should compare trazodone with placebo and other therapies in men with depression and psychogenic ED [3].
5-HT1A modulator 1 displays very high affinities for the 5HT1A, adrenergic α1 and dopamine D2 receptor with IC50s of 2 ±0.3 nM, 10 ± 3 nM and 40 ±9 nM, respectively.
R 59-022 (DKGI-I) is a diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor (IC50=2.8 μM). R 59-022 is a 5-HTR antagonist, and activates protein kinase C (PKC). R 59-022 potentiates thrombin-induced diacylglycerol production in platelets and inhibits phosphatidic acid production in neutrophils[1][2][3][4].
SB742457 is a highly selective 5-HT6 receptor antagonist with pKi of 9.63; exhibits >100-fold selectivity over other receptors.IC50 Value: 9.63 (pKi)Target: 5-HT6 ReceptorSB-742457, a 5-HT6 receptor antagonist, which extends into Alzheimer disease (AD) sufferers further highlights the therapeutic promise of this mechanistic approach. Alzheimer's disease is a devastating neurological condition characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive performance accompanied by behavioral and psychological syndromes, such as depression and psychosis. With the subsequent development of selective 5-HT6 receptor antagonists, preclinical studies in rodents and primates have elucidated the function of this receptor subtype in more detail. It is increasingly clear that blockade of 5-HT6 receptors leads to an improvement of cognitive performance in a wide variety of learning and memory paradigms and also results in anxiolytic and antidepressant-like activity. SB-742457 is generally safe and well tolerated and may be efficacious in Alzheimer disease.
LY344864 is a selective receptor agonist with an affinity of 6 nM (Ki) at the recently cloned 5-HT1F receptor.IC50 Value: 6 nM (Ki) [1]Target: 5-HT1FLY344864 possesses little affinity for the 56 other serotonergic and non-serotonergic neuronal binding sites examined [1].in vitro: he 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor agonists 8-OH-DPAT (3 microM), CP93129 (3 microM) and L694247 (3 microM), but not the 5-HT1F receptor agonist LY344864 (1 - 3 microM) inhibited evoked IPSCs [2].in vivo: After an intravenous dose of 1 mg/kg, rat plasma LY344864 levels declined with time whereas brain cortex levels remained relatively constant for the first 6 hours after injection. Oral and intravenous LY344864 administration potently inhibited dural protein extravasation caused by electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion in rats [1]. Sumatriptan, zolmitriptan, rizatriptan, and naratriptan all contracted the rabbit saphenous vein from baseline tone, whereas LY344864 in concentrations up to 10(-4) M did not contract the rabbit saphenous vein. Furthermore, vascular contractions to sumatriptan were markedly augmented in the presence of prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)). However, even in the presence of PGF(2alpha) (3 x 10(-7) M), LY344864 did not contract the rabbit saphenous vein in concentrations well in excess of its 5-HT(1F) receptor affinity (pK(i) = 8.2) [3].
LY 344864 S-enantiomer is the S-enantiomer of LY344864. LY344864 is a 5-HT1F receptor agonist.
Lasmiditan hydrochloride is a high-affinity, highly selective 5-HT1F receptor agonist (Ki=2.1 nM), compared with Ki of 1043 nM and 1357 nM at the 5-HT(1B) and 5-HT(1D) receptors, respectively.IC50 value: 2.1 nM (Ki, 5-HT1F); >1000 nM (Ki, 5-HT1B/5-HT1D) [1]Target: 5-HT1F receptorin vitro: In vitro binding studies Lasmiditan showed a K(i) value of 2.21 nM at the 5-HT(1F) receptor, compared with K(i) values of 1043 nM and 1357 nM at the 5-HT(1B) and 5-HT(1D) receptors, respectively, a selectivity ratio greater than 470-fold. Lasmiditan show higher selectivity for the 5-HT(1F) receptor relative to other 5-HT(1) receptor subtypes than the first generation 5-HT(1F) receptor agonist LY334370. Unlike the 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist sumatriptan, lasmiditan did not contract rabbit saphenous vein rings, a surrogate assay for human coronary artery constriction, at concentrations up to 100 μM.in vivo: In two rodent models of migraine, oral administration of lasmiditan potently inhibited markers associated with electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion (dural plasma protein extravasation, and induction of the immediate early gene c-Fos in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis).