Kushenol K, a flavonoid antioxidant isolated from the roots of Sophora flavescens. Kushenol K is a cytochrome P-450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibitor with a Ki value of 1.35 μM[1]. Kushenol K shows weak antiviral activity against HSV-2 (EC50 of 147 μM)[2]. Kushenol K also inhibits the activity of SGLT1 and SGLT2[3].
Dibenzylfluorescein (DBF) is a fluorogenic probe (Fluoresecent dye) that acts as a substrate for specific cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms, including CYP3A4, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and aromatase (CYP19). Dibenzylfluorescein is typically used near its Km value of 0.87-1.9 µM (Ex=485nm，Em=535nm). Dibenzylfluorescein is used to detect changes in CYP catalytic activity caused by drugs or disease[1][2][3][4].
Schisandrin A inhibits CYP3A activity with an IC50 of 6.60 μM and Ki of 5.83 μM, respectively.
Exemestane(FCE 24304) is an aromatase inhibitor, inhibits human placental and rat ovarian aromatase with IC50 of 30 nM and 40 nM, respectively.Target: AromataseApproved: October 2005Exemestane competitively inhibits and time-dependently inactivates of human placental aromatase with Ki of 4.3 nM. Exemestane displaces [3H]DHT from rat prostate androgen receptor with IC50 of 0.9 μM [1]. Exemestane (1 μM) increases alkaline phosphatase activity in hFOB and Saos-2 cells and induces the expression of MYBL2, OSTM1, HOXD11, ADCYAP1R1, and glypican 2 in hFOB cells [2]. Exemestane causes aromatase degradation in a dose-responsive manner in MCF-7aro cells [3].Exemestane increases lumbar spine BMD by 14.0% in OVX rats at dose of 100 mg/kg. Exemestane (100 mg/kg) and 17-hydroexemestane (20 mg/kg) significantly reduces an ovariectomy-induced increase in serum pyridinoline and serum osteocalcin in rats and causes significant reductions of serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol inOVX rats [4].Exemestane (20 mg/kg/day s.c.) induces 26% complete (CR) and 18% partial (PR) tumor regressions in rats with 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumors [5].
Fenofibrate-d4 is the deuterium labeled Fenofibrate[1]. Fenofibrate is a selective PPARα agonist with an EC50 of 30 μM. Fenofibrate also inhibits human cytochrome P450 isoforms, with IC50s of 0.2, 0.7, 9.7, 4.8 and 142.1 μM for CYP2C19, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C8, and CYP3A4, respectively[2][3].
Ranitidine is a potent, selective and orally active histamine H2-receptor antagonist with an IC50 of 3.3 μM that inhibits gastric secretion. Ranitidine is a weak inhibitor of CYP2C19 and CYP2C9[1][2].
BI 689648 is a novel, highly selective aldosterone synthase inhibitor which can inhibit CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 with IC50s of 310 and 2.1 nM, respectively.
CYP11B2-IN-1 is a CYP11B2 inhibitor with an IC50 of 2.3 nM. CYP11B2-IN-1 inhibits CYP11B1 with an IC50 of 142 nM[1].
1-Aminobenzotriazole is a nonspecific and irreversible inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (P450).
5,7,2',6'-Tetrahydroxyflavone is a natural flavonoid that inhibits hepatic testosterone 6β-hydroxylation (CYP3A4) activity with an IC50 of 7.8 μM[1].
Gentiopicroside, a naturally occurring iridoid glycoside, inhibits P450 activity, with an IC50 and a Ki of 61 µM and 22.8 µM for CYP2A6; Gentiopicroside has antianti-inflammatoryand antioxidative effects.
CYP3A4-IN-3 is a high-affinity specific inhibitor of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) with the IC50 value of 0.075 μM. CYP3A4-IN-3 is a ritonavir analogue, but with a simpler structure and twice the inhibitory effect of ritonavir. CYP3A4-IN-3 is used as an antiviral agent and immunosuppressant[1].
Seviteronel (VT-464) is a potent CYP17 lyase inhibitor(h-Lyase IC50=69 nM) that demonstrated both exceptional in vitro lyase/hydroxylase selectivity (~10-fold) and oral activity in a hamster model of androgen biosynthesis inhibition.
6',7'-Dihydroxybergamottin (6′,7′-DHB) is a furanocoumarin that inhibits CYP3A4 and is found in grapefruit juice and Seville orange juice[1].
Oteseconazole (VT-1161) is an orally active anti-fungal agent, potently binds to and inhibits Candida albicans CYP51 (Kd, <39 nM), shows no obvious effect on human CYP51[1][2].
Ginsenoside F1, an enzymatically modified derivative of Ginsenoside Rg1, demonstrates competitive inhibition of CYP3A4 activity and weaker inhibition of CYP2D6 activity.
Metyrapone (Su-4885) Tartrate is a potent and orally active 11β-hydroxylase inhibitor and an autophagy activator, also inhibits the production of aldosterone. Metyrapone Tartrate inhibits synthesis of endogenous adrenal corticosteroid, decreases glucocorticoid levels, and also affects behavior and emotion. In addition, Metyrapone Tartrate increases the efficiency of autophagic process via downregulation of mTOR pathway, and interacts with Pseudomonas putida cytochrome P-450. Metyrapone Tartrate can be used for researching Cushing's syndrome and depression[1][2][3][4][5].
Ginsenoside C-K, a bacterial metabolite of G-Rb1, exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by reducing iNOS and COX-2. Ginsenoside C-K exhibits an inhibition against the activity of CYP2C9 and CYP2A6 in human liver microsomes with IC50s of 32.0±3.6 μM and 63.6±4.2 μM, respectively.
(±)-N-3-Benzylnirvanol is a racemic mixture of (+)-N-3-Benzylnirvanol and (-)-N-3-Benzylnirvanol. (+)-N-3-Benzylnirvanol and (–)-N-3-Benzylnirvanol are potent and selective cytochrome P450 inhibitors with Ki values of 0.25 and 5.3 μM for CYP2C19, respectively[1].
Veledimex racemate is the racemate of veledimex. Veledimex is an orally available, small-molecule activator ligand for the RheoSwitch Therapeutic System.
CYP3A4 enzyme-IN-1 (compound 59) is a potent antibacterial agent, with a MIC of 1 μg/mL for MRSA. CYP3A4 enzyme-IN-1 exhibits low to moderate inhibitory effects on CYP1A2, CYP2E1, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 enzymes[1].
Cedrol is a bioactive sesquiterpene, a potent competitive inhibitor of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzymes. Cedrol inhibits CYP2B6-mediated bupropion hydroxylase and CYP3A4-mediated midazolam hydroxylation with Ki of 0.9 μM and 3.4 μM, respectively. Cedrol also has weak inhibitory effect on CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 enzymes[1]. Cedrol is found in cedar essential oil and poetesses anti-septic, anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, tonic, astringent, diuretic, sedative, insecticidal, and anti-fungal activities[2].
Olivetol-d9 is the deuterium labeled Olivetol. Olivetol is a naturally phenol found in lichens and produced by certain insects, acting as a competitive inhibitor of the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2[3]. Olivetol also inhibits CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 activi
Atovaquone (4-chlorophenyl-2,3,5,6-d4) is the deuterium labeled Atovaquone. Atovaquone is a potent, selective and orally active inhibitor of the parasite’s mitochondrial cytochrome bc1 complex. Atovaquone is against human and P. falciparum cytochrome bc1 activity with IC50 values of 460 nM and 2.0 nM, respectively. Atovaquone is an antimalarial agent and has the potential for the investigation of neumocystis pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, malaria, and babesia[1][2].
1-Ethynylpyrene is an aryl acetylenic inhibitor of cytochromes P450 1A1, 1A2, and 2B1 with IC50s of 0.18, 0.32, and 0.04 μM, respectively[1].
CYP4Z1-IN-1 (compound 7c) is a potent CYP4Z1 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 41.8 nM. CYP4Z1-IN-1 decreases the expression of breast CSCs stemness markers, spheroid formation, and metastatic ability as well as tumor-initiation capability in a concentration-dependent manner in vitro and in vivo[1].