A novel potent, pan-AMPK activator with similar potency for all AMPK heterotrimers; increases the phosphorylation of the AMPK substrate ACC at S79 with EC50 of 121 nM, potently inhibits de novo lipogenesis (IC50=25 nM) in primary rat hepatocytes; increases PGC1a transcription and mitochondrial content, effectively activats AMPK in hepatocytes and in skeletal muscle; caused a rapid lowering of plasma glucose levels with no impact on hepatic glucose production in diabetic mice.
L6H21, a derivative of chalcone, is an orally active and potent MD-2 (myeloid differentiation factor 2) inhibitor. L6H21 inhibits TLR4-NF-κB signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages. L6H21 inhibits EtOH + LPS-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial damage in RAW264.7 cells. L6H21 effectively inhibits EtOH + LPS-induced hepatic fat accumulation and liver injury. L6H21 shows neuroprotective effect in a model of prediabetes[1][2].
YW1128 is an inhibitor of Wnt/��-catenin signaling with an IC50 value of 4.1 nM in a reporter assay.
(R)-Monlunabant ((R)-MRI-1891) is a CB1 receptor mediators for research of obesity and metabolic disease[1]
Bombesin is a tetradecapeptide originally isolated from frog skin; plays an important role in the release of gastrin and the activation of G-protein receptors.
Resomelagon (AP1189) is a potent, orally active melanocortin receptor (MR) agonist. Resomelagon induces ERK1/2 phosphorylation and Ca2+ mobilization. Resomelagon has anti-inflammatory activity. Resomelagon can be used for obesity and chronic inflammation research[1][2].
4,6-O-ethylidene-α-D-glucose (Ethylidene-glucose), a glucose derivative, is a competitive exofacial binding-site inhibitor on glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) with a Ki of 12 mM for wild-type 2-deoxy-D-glucose transport[1][2][3].
SSR240612 is a potent, and orally active specific non-peptide bradykinin B1 receptor antagonist, with Kis of 0.48 nM and 0.73 nM for B1 kinin receptors of human fibroblast MRC5 and HEK cells expressing human B1 receptors, 481 nM and 358 nM for B2 receptors of guinea pig ileum membranes and CHO cells expressing human B1 receptor, respectively.
Gancaonin L is an isoflavone, that can be isolated from Glycyrrhiza glabra roots. Gancaonin L exhibits significant PPAR-γ ligand-binding activity. Gancaonin L can be used for anti-diabetes and anti-obesity research[1].
Indole-3-methanamine is a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods such as barley, cereals, and cereal product[1].
Enterostatin, human, mouse, rat is a pentapeptide that reduces fat intake.
Risarestat (CT-112), an aldose reductase inhibitor, is developed for the treatment of diabetic complications.
Clofibrate is an agonist of PPAR, with EC50s of 50 μM, ∼500 μM for murine PPARα and PPARγ, and 55 μM, ∼500 μM for human PPARα and PPARγ, respectively.
SLU-PP-915 is an agonist of ERR. SLU-PP-915 has an EC50 value of approximately 400 nM for ERRα, ERRβ, and ERRγ. SLU-PP-915 has potential application in maintaining oxidative metabolism and heart failure[1][2][3].
β-Amyrin acetate is a triterpenoid with potent anti-inflammatory, antifungal, anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic activities. β-Amyrin acetate can inhibit HMG-CoA reductase activity by locating in the hydrophobic binding cleft of HMG CoA reductase[1][2][3][4].
SSAO inhibitor-2 (Compound 1) is a semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) inhibitor with IC50s of <10 nM, and 10-100 μM for human SSAO and MAO-A, respectively. SSAO inhibitor-3 can be used for the research of atherosclerosis, diabetes and its complications, obesity, stroke, chronic kidney disease, retinopathy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), autoimmune diseases, multiple sclerosis, etc[1].
CB1 antagonist 1 is an antagonist of CB1 receptor, used in the research of metabolic syndrome and obesity, neuroinflammatory disorders, cognitive disorders and psychosis, gastrointestinal disorders, and cardiovascular conditions.
AZD8329 is a potent 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) inhibitor with an IC50 of 9 nM for human 11β-HSD1, displays excellent selectivity versus 11β-HSD2, 17β-HSD1 and 17β-HSD3[1].
CYM-5520 is a selective and allosteric sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2) agonist with an EC50 of 480 nM. CYM-5520 does not activate S1PR1, S1PR3, S1PR4 and S1PR5 receptors. CYM-5520 can co-bind in the S1PR2 receptor with S1P. CYM-5520 can be used for osteoporosis research[1][2].
Plantagoside, isolated from the seeds of Plantago asiatica, is a specific and non-competitive inhibitor for jack bean α-mannosidase, with an IC50 of 5 μM[1].
Peptide YY (13-36) (canine, mouse, porcine, rat) is a Y2 receptor subtype agonist[1].
4-Amino-L-phenylalanine is an endogenous metabolite.
A-908292 is a highly potent and selective acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 (ACC2) inhibitor with IC50 of 38 nM (hACC2), no activity against ACC1 (IC50>30 uM).
MB05032 is a special and efficacious GNG inhibitor targeted the AMP binding site of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) with an IC50 value of 16 nM. IC50 Value: 16 nM (Human Liver FBPase) [1]Target: Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphataseOral delivery of MB05032 was achieved by using the bisamidate prodrug MB06322 (CS-917), which is converted to MB05032 in two steps through the action of an esterase and a phosphoramidase.in vitro: MB05032 inhibits human liver FBPase with a potency (IC50 = 16 ± 1.5 nM) significantly greater than the natural inhibitor, AMP (IC50 = 1 μM), and the most well characterized AMP mimetic, ZMP (IC50 = 12 ± 1.4 μM). MB05032 inhibits rat FBPase 3-fold weaker (IC50 of 61 ± 4 nM) than human FBPase, whereas AMP is 20-fold weaker as an inhibitor [1]. Inhibition of FBPase activity in islet β-cells by its specific inhibitor MB05032 led to significant increase of their glucose utilization and cellular ATP to ADP ratios and consequently enhanced GSIS in vitro [2]. in vivo: Oral administration of MB06322 to young (8-9 weeks old) ZDF rats with mild diabetes (basal insulin levels of 7.7 ± 0.7 ng/ml) and aged (12-13 weeks) ZDF rats with overt diabetes (basal insulin levels of 0.65 ± 0.16 ng/ml) results in dose-dependent glucose lowering. The dose-response is relatively steep, with 6-10 mg/kg and 30-100 mg/kg being the approximate doses associated with minimal and maximal activity, respectively [1]. Pretreatment of mice with the MB05032 prodrug MB06322 could potentiate GSIS in vivo and improve their glucose tolerance [2].Toxicity: Neither lactate nor triglycerides increased in 8- to 9-week-old ZDF rats with mild diabetes treated with high doses of MB06322. In ZDF rats with more advanced disease, lactate and triglyceride levels were elevated but only modestly (<2-fold). These results suggest that, unlike inhibitors of other GNG enzymes, FBPase inhibitors may lower glucose with an adequate safety margin [1].Clinical trial: Evaluation of Glucose Lowering Effect, Safety and Tolerability of CS-917. Phase 2b
Sorbitol dehydrogenase-IN-1 is a potent and orally active sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitor with IC50 s of 4, 5 nM for rat and human, respectively[1].
Pitavastatin (NK-104) sodium is a potent hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor. Pitavastatin sodium inhibits cholesterol synthesis from acetic acid with an IC50 of 5.8 nM in HepG2 cells. Pitavastatin sodium is an efficient hepatocyte low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) receptor inducer. Pitavastatin sodium also possesses anti-atherosclerotic, anti-asthmatic, anti-osteoarthritis, antineoplastic, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective and reno-protective effects[1][2][3][8].
Calcifediol-D6 is the deuterated form of Calcifediol(25-hydroxy Vitamin D3), which is a prehormone that is produced in the liver by hydroxylation of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) by the enzyme cholecalciferol 25-hydroxylase IC50 value:Target: This metabolite is being measured by physicians worldwide to determine a patient's vitamin d status.Calcifediol is then converted in the kidneys (by the enzyme 25(OH)D-1α-hydroxylase) into calcitriol (1,25-(OH)2D3), a secosteroid hormone that is the active form of vitamin D. It can also be converted into 24-hydroxycalcidiol in the kidneys via 24-hydroxylation.
Chebulic acid, a phenolcarboxylic acid compound isolated from Terminalia chebula, has potent anti-oxidant activity, which breaks the cross-links of proteins induced by advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and inhibits the formation of AGEs. Chebulic acid is effective in controlling elevated metabolic parameters, oxidative stress and renal damage, supporting its beneficial effect in diabetic nephropathy[1][2].
[DAla2, DArg6] Dynorphin A, (1-13) (porcine) (DADAD) is an opioid peptide (dynorphinl-13, DYN) derivative found in porcine pituitary extracts. DYN is highly potent at the peripheral opioid receptors GPI and MVD, but is readily and rapidly degraded in vivo. [DAla2, DArg6] Dynorphin A, (1-13) (porcine) has some resistance to enzymatic cleavage and prevents peptide cleavage by enzymes[1].
Enoticumab (REGN421, SAR153192) is an IgG1κ antibody targeting human Dll4. DLL4 is a ligand of the Notch signaling pathway and regulates fatty acid uptake through non-transcriptional regulation of macropinocytosis-dependent long-chain fatty acid uptake. Specific in vivo activity of Enoticumab in an ovarian xenograft model. EGN421 (2.5 mg/kg once weekly) resulted in 86% and 83% tumor growth inhibition in mouse subcutaneous TOV-112D or intraperitoneal A2780 human tumor xenograft models, respectively[1].