MTOB sodium is a potent C-terminal binding protein (CtBP) inhibitor. MTOB sodium attenuates repetitive head injury-elicited neurologic dysfunction and neuroinflammation via inhibition of the transactivation activity of CtBP1 and CtBP2. MTOB sodium antagonizes the transcriptional regulatory activity of CtBP1 and CtBP2 by eviction from their target promoters in breast cancer cell lines[1][2].
TC-1698 is a selective α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors agonist with EC50 value of 0.16 μM and 0.46 μM for monkey α7 nicotinic receptor and human α7 nicotinic receptor, respectively. TC-1698 improves memory and has neuroprotective effects. TC-1698 can be used for Alzheimer's disease research[1].
Methiothepin mesylate is a potent and non-selective 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, with pKds of 7.10 (5-HT1A), 7.28 (5HT1B), 7.56 (5HT1C), 6.99 (5HT1D), 7.0 (5-HT5A), 7.8 (5-HT5B), 8.74 (5-HT6), and 8.99 (5-HT7), and pKis of 8.50 (5HT2A), 8.68 (5HT2B), and 8.35 (5HT2C).
CFM-2 is a selective non-competitive AMPAR antagonist.IC50 value:Target: AMPAR antagonistin vitro: AMPA antagonists GYKI 52466 and CFM-2 inhibit the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2) pathway, CFM-2 reduced phosphorylation of cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB), suppressed expression of cyclin D1, upregulated the cell cycle regulators and tumor suppressor proteins p21 and p53 and decreased number of lung adenocarcinoma cells in G2 and S phases of the cell cycle.in vivo: Pretreatment with CFM-2 delayed the progression of seizure rank during repeated administration of pentylentetrazole. At the end of the period of repeated pentylentetrazole treatment (6 weeks) the mean seizure score was 0 in vehicle treated controls, 4.3 in animals treated with vehicle + pentylentetrazole, 2.2 in rats treated chronically with CFM-2 (20 micromol kg(-1) i.p.) + pentylentetrazole and 1.0 in rats treated repeatedly with CFM-2 (50 micromol kg(-1) i.p.) + pentylenetetrazole. CFM-2 was also able to antagonize the long-term increase in sensitivity of the convulsant effects of GABA function inhibitors in pentylentetrazole-kindled animals [1]. CFM-2 has been proven to possess anticonvulsant activity in various models of seizures [2]. Intrathecal application of two selective non-competitive AMPAR antagonists, CFM-2 (25 and 50 microg) and GYKI 52466 (50 microg), significantly attenuated mechanical and thermal hypersensitivities on the ipsilateral hind paw at 2 and 24 h post-CFA injection. Neither CFM-2 nor GYKI 52466 affected the contralateral basal responses to thermal and mechanical stimuli [4].
Semagacestat is a γ-secretase inhibitor, inhibits β-amyloid (Aβ42), Aβ38 and Aβ40 with IC50 of 10.9, 12 and 12.1 nM, respectively; also inhibits Notch signaling with IC50 of 14.1 nM.
MMK1 is a potent and selective human formyl peptide receptor like-1 (FPRL-1/FPR2) agonist with EC50s of <2 nM and >10000 nM for FPRL-1 and FPR1, respectively. MMK1 is a potent chemotactic and calcium-mobilizing agonist. MMK-1 potently activated phagocytic leukocytes and could enhance Pertussis Toxin (HY-112779)-sensitive production by human monocytes of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1b and IL-6. MMK1 exerts anxiolytic-like activity[1][2][3][4].
UNC9994, an analog of Aripiprazole, is a functionally selective β-arrestin-biased dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) agonist with EC50 <10 nM for β-arrestin-2 recruitment to D2 receptors. UNC9994 is simultaneously partial agonists of β-arrestin-2 translocation and antagonists of Gi-regulated cAMP production. Antipsychotic Activity[1].
Aminopeptidase-IN-1 (compound 16o) is a potent insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) inhibitor with an Ki value of 7.7 μM. Aminopeptidase-IN-1 can be used tor research cognitive and memory impairments[1].
Diphenyleneiodonium chloride is a NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibitor and also functions as a TRPA1 activator with an EC50 of 1 to 3 μM.
LY-411575 is a potent γ-secretase inhibitor with IC50 of 0.078 nM/0.082 nM (membrane/cell-based), and also inhibits Notch S3 cleavage with IC50 of 0.39 nM.
HZ-166 (HZ166) is a GABAA receptor subtype-selective benzodiazepine site ligand with preferential activity at α2- and α3-GABA(A) receptors; displays a statistically significant higher affinity for receptors not containing the α1 subunit with a rank order of α5 (Ki=140nM) > α2 (Ki=269 nM) > α1 (Ki=382 nM); The Ki value of HZ166 for the α3β3γ2 combination (185± 47 nM) was statistically significantly lower than the Ki value observed for α1β3γ2 but not different from those of α2β3γ2 and α5β3γ2; HZ-166 is antihyperalgesic in mouse models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain.
Pizotifen is a potent 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, with a high affinity for 5-HT1C binding site.
Ademetionine is an intermediate metabolite of methionine. Its involvement in methylation assists in cellular growth and repair, maintains the phospho-bilipid layer in cell membranes. It also helps in the maintenance of the action of several hormones and neurotransmitters that affect mood.
SB297006 is a CCR3 antagonist, which significantly inhibits proliferation and neurosphere formation in CCL11-treated neural progenitor cells.
Trifluoperazine Dihydrochloride is a potent dopamine D2 receptor inhibitor used as an antipsychotic and an antiemetic.Target: Dopamine D2 ReceptorTrifluoperazine Dihydrochloride is a potent dopamine D2 receptor inhibitor used as an antipsychotic and an antiemetic. Trifluoperazine inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the stimulation of glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and ureogenesis due to alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation in rat hepatocytes. Trifluoperazine is much more potent at alpha 1- than at alpha 2-adrenergic receptors [1]. Trifluoperazine was not clearly different in terms of 'no substantial improvement' (n=1016, 27 RCTs, RR 1.06 CI 0.98 to 1.14) or leaving the study early (n=930, 22 RCTs, RR 1.15 CI 0.83 to 1.58). Almost identical numbers of people reported at least one adverse event (60%) in each group (n=585, 14 RCTs, RR 0.99 CI 0.87 to 1.13), although trifluoperazine was more likely to cause extrapyramidal adverse effects overall when compared to low potency antipsychotics such as chlorpromazine (n=130, 3 RCTs, RR 1.66 CI 1.03 to 2.67, NNH 6 CI 3 to 121). One small study (n=38) found no clear differences between trifluoperazine and the atypical drug, sulpiride [2].
Benzethonium chloride inhibit human recombinant α7 and α4β2 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in Xenopus oocytes.
SZ1676 is a derivative of SZ1677, which is a neuromuscular blocking agent.
TC-N 1752 is a potent and orally active inhibitor of Nav1.7, with IC50s of 0.17 μM, 0.3 μM, 0.4 μM, 1.1 μM and 2.2 μM at hNav1.7, hNav1.3, hNav1.4, hNaV1.5 and rNav1.8, respectively. TC-N 1752 also inhibits tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels. TC-N 1752 shows analgesic efficacy in the Formalin model of pain[1][2][3].
5-BDBD, a potent and selective P2X4 receptor antagonist, inhibits rP2X4R-mediated currents, with an IC50 of 0.75 μM. 5-BDBD completely blocks the basal and acute hyperalgesia induced by nitroglycerin (NTG)[1][2].
1,3-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a caffeoylquinic acid derivative that exhibits antioxidant activity and radical scavenging activity.
CH 275 is a potent and selective somatostatin receptor 1 (sst1) agonist and display IC50 values of 30.9 nM, 345 nM, >1 μM, >10 μM for human human sst1, sst3, sst4, sst2 and sst5 respectively[1]. CH 275 can be used for the research of Alzheimer’s disease[2].
SR 142948 is an orally active, potent and selective non-peptide neurotensin receptor (NT1R) antagonist. SR 142948 antagonizes NT-induced inositol monophosphate formation in HT 29 cells with an IC50 of 3.9 nM. SR 142948 blocks hypothermia, analgesia and steering behavior induced by NT in vivo. SR 142948 shows blood-brain permeability, can be used in study of psychiatric disorders[1][2].
Mecamylamine hydrochloride is an orally active, nonselective, noncompetitive nAChR antagonist that can treat various neuropsychiatric disorders. Mecamylamine hydrochloride is originally used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension. Mecamylamine hydrochloride can easily crosses the blood-brain barrier[1][2].
Ac-RYYRIK-NH2 is a potent and partial agonist on ORL1 transfected in CHO cells (Kd=1.5 nM) and behaves as a endogenous ligand of ORL1. Ac-RYYRIK-NH2 is a specific antagonist for the activation of G protein and competitively antagonizes the stimulation of [35S]-GTPgS binding to G proteins by nociceptin/orphanin FQ (noc/OFQ) in membranes and sections of rat brain[1].
Minaprine is a reversible inhibitor of MAO-A; weakly inhibit acetylcholinesterase; an antidepressant for treatment of depression.
JP104, a aryl carbamate, is an irreversible FAAH inhibitor with a pIC50 of ~8[1].
TRAM-39 is a selective blocker of intermediate conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (IKCa) channels. TRAM-39 inhibits KCa3.1 channel with an IC50 value of 60 nM. TRAM-39 can be used for the research of ataxia, epilepsy, memory disorders, schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease[1][2][3][4].
PF2562 (Example 6), a dopamine D1 ligand, ascts as a dopamine D1 agonist or partial agonist. PF2562 binds to human D1 receptor with a Ki of 113 nM. PF2562 exhibits activity against human D1 cAMP with an EC50 of 568 nM in HTRF assay[1].
Propentofylline is a xanthine-derivative that inhibits adenosine uptake and blocks phosphodiesterase activity. Propentofylline has neuroprotective, antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory effects that improve cognition and dementia severity in patients with Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia.
β-Endorphin, equine is an endogenous opioid peptide with analgesic properties[1].