Vocacapsaicin (CA-008), a prodrug of Capsaicin, is a first-in-class non-opioid TRPV1 agonist. Vocacapsaicin can provide meaningful and long-lasting pain relief[1].
Anisatin, a pure toxic substance isolated from the seeds of a Japanese plant (Illicium anisatum) acts as a picrotoxin-like, non-competitive GABA antagonist. Anisatin suppresses GABA-induced currents in a concentration-dependent manner with an EC50 of ~1.10 μM[1].
5-HT2A&5-HT2C agonist-1 (Example 2) is a 5-HT2A & 5-HT2C agonist, with IC50s of 196 nM and 0.9 nM respectively. 5-HT2A&5-HT2C agonist-1 can be used for research of depression, alcoholism, tobacco and cocaine addiction, inflammation, cluster headache, PTSD, seizure disorders and other CNS disorders[1].
Etomidate(R-16659) is a GABAA receptors agonist, which is a short acting intravenous anaesthetic agent used for the induction of general anaesthesia.Target: GABA ReceptorEtomidate is a potent inhibitor of the adrenal response to surgery. The absence of clinical consequences associated with the blunted response suggests that a major increase in adrenal hormone production may not be necessary during surgery [1]. Etomidate is an intravenous induction agent that is associated with hemodynamic stability during intubation. The agent is therefore attractive for use in critically ill patients who have a high risk of hemodynamic instability during this procedure [2]. Etomidate use was not associated with all cause 28-day mortality or hospital mortality but was associated with significantly higher ICU mortality (91% vs. 64% for etomidate and controls groups, respectively; p = 0.02). Etomidate patients who received subsequent doses of hydrocortisone required lower doses of vasopressors and had more vasopressor-free days but no improvement in mortality [3].Clinical indications: FDA Approved Date: 1983Toxicity: Undesirable side effects of etomidate that may limit its use include pain on injection, myoclonus and adrenocortical suppression lasting 4-6 hours following an induction dose.
RJR 2429 hydrochloride is a α4β2 and α7 nAChR agonist[1].
SKF83959 hydrobromide is a potent and selective dopamine D1-like receptor partial agonist. SKF83959 hydrobromide Ki values for rat D1, D5, D2 and D3 receptors are 1.18, 7.56, 920 and 399 nM, respectively. SKF83959 hydrobromide is a potent allosteric modulator of sigma (σ)-1 receptor. SKF83959 hydrobromide belongs to benzazepine family and has improvements on cognitive dysfunction. SKF83959 hydrobromide can be used for the research of Alzheimer's disease and depression[1][2][3][4].
Flazin is a non-enzymatic protein glycation inhibitor, also inhibits peroxynitrite (ONOO-), with an IC50 value of 85.31 μM for bovine serum albumin (BSA) glycation and an EC50 value of 71.99 μM for ONOO-. Flazin can be used for researching diabetes and neuronal disorders. Flazin also can used as a lipid droplet (LD) regulator against lipid disorders, and a xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibitor[1][2][3].
Verilopam is a potent analgesic.
DS2 is a selective positive allosteric modulator of δ-GABAA receptor. DS2 selectively potentiates GABA responses mediated by α4β3δ receptor. DS2 does not enhance activity at α4β3γ2 and α1β3γ2 receptors. DS2 relieves pain and has the potential for sleep disorders research[1].
Penitrem A is an indole diterpene neurotoxic alkaloid produced by Penicillium, acts as a selective BK channel antagonist with antiproliferative and anti-invasive activities against multiple malignancies. Penitrem A increases the spontaneous release of endogenous glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and aspartate from cerebrocortical synaptosomes, and induces tremorgenic syndromes in animals[1][2].
Carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide is an orally active metabolite of Carbamazepine (HY-B0246). Carbamazepine has anticonvulsant effect. Carbamazepine can be used for the research of seizures[1].
DS-1971a is a potent, selective, and orally active NaV1.7 inhibitor, with IC50s of 22.8 and 59.4 nM for hNaV1.7 and mNaV1.7, respectively. DS-1971a exerts analgesic effects[1].
Methoxy-PEPy is a potent and highly selective mGlu5 receptor antagonist with IC50 of 1 nM.IC50 value: 1 nM [1]Target: mGlu5R inhibitorAdministration of [3H]methoxy-PEPy (50 microCi/kg i.v.) to mGlu5 receptor-deficient mice revealed binding at background levels in forebrain, whereas wild-type mice exhibited 14-fold higher binding in forebrain relative to cerebellum [2]. The calcium transients stimulated by these agonists were potently inhibited by reference allosteric mGlu5 antagonists - 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine (MPEP), 3-[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl]pyridine (MTEP) and 3-methoxy-5-(pyridine-2-ylethynyl)pyridine (methoxy-PEPy) (IC(50) ranges: 0.8-66 nM) [3].
Aegeline, a main alkaloid, mimics the yeast SNARE protein Sec22p in suppressing α-synuclein and Bax toxicity in yeast. Aegeline restores growth of yeast cells suppressed by either αsyn or Bax. Antioxidant activity[1].
Arimoclomol (BRX-220 free base) is a co-inducer of heat shock proteins (HSP).
Phycocyanobilin, an orally active antioxidative agent, is an effective scavenger for various reactive oxygen species. Phycocyanobilin can be used for the research of Alzheimer’s disease[1][2][3].
Tetanus toxin (830-843) a powerful neurotoxin that reaches by retroaxonal transport and transcytosis the cytoplasm ofspinal inhibitory intemeurons and blocks their ability to release neurotransmitters[1].
NSI-189 is a nootropic and neurogenic research chemical derived from nicotinamide and pyrazine.IC50 value:Target: in vitro: NSI-189 has been shown to stimulate neurogenesis of human hippocampus-derived neural stem cells in vitro and in vivo. The hippocampus is responsible for the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory, along with spatial navigation [1] [2].in vivo: NSI-189 has been shown to increase the hippocampal volume of healthy adult mice by 20% [3].
Fasitibant chloride (MEN16132 free base) is a potent and selective nonpeptide bradykinin B2 receptor (B2R) antagonist. Fasitibant chloride reduces joint pain and diminishes joint oedema in Carrageenan-induced arthritis rat model[1][2][3].
Tropatepine is an anticholinergic muscarinic antagonist and can be used as an antiparkinsonian agent[1]. Tropatepine is used to combat against extrapyramidal syndrome induced by neuroleptic drugs[2].
Pramipexole-d5 is the deuterium labeled Pramipexole[1]. Pramipexole is a selective and blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetrant dopamine D2-type receptor agonist, with Kis of 2.2 nM, 3.9 nM, 0.5 nM and 1.3 nM for D2-type receptor, D2, D3 and D4 receptors, respectively. Pramipexole can be used for the research of Parkinson's disease (PD) and restless legs syndrome (RLS)[2][3][4].
Scopolamine N-oxide hydrobromide is an antagonist of the muscarinic acetylcholine.
Tripchlorolide is a neuroprotective agent that can be found in Tripterygium wilfordii. Tripchlorolide prevents tumor growth by inducing apoptosis and autophagy. Tripchlorolide improves cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease[1][2][3].
Ac-DNLD-CHO (Ac-Asp-Asn-Leu-Asp-CHO) is a Caspase-3/7 inhibitor (IC50: 9.89, 245 nM respectively; Kiapp: 0.68, 55.7 nM respectively). Ac-DNLD-CHO can be used for research of caspase-mediated apoptosis diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders and viral infection diseases[1].
Isospaglumic acid is a neuropeptide found in millimolar concentrations in brain.
Norbinaltorphimine dihydrochloride is a potent and selective κ opioid receptor antagonist.
Synucleozid (NSC 377363) is a potent inhibitor of the SNCA mRNA that encodes α-synuclein protein (IC50=1.5 μM). Synucleozid selectively targets the α-synuclein mRNA 5′ UTR at the designed IRE site, decreases the amount of SNCA mRNA loaded into polysomes and thereby inhibits SNCA translation. Synucleozid has the potential for the investigation of Parkinson’s disease[1].
Adenosine receptor inhibitor 1 is a potent and selective adenosine receptor (AR) inhibitor with Ki values of >1000, 68.5, >1000, >1000 nM for A1AR, A2AAR, A2BAR, A3AR, respectively. Adenosine receptor inhibitor 1 shows antinociceptive activity, anti-inflammatory effect and peripheral analgesic effect. Adenosine receptor inhibitor 1 has the potential for the research of cancer or neurodegenerative diseases[1].
ALLM (Calpain inhibitor II) is a potent inhibitor of calpain and cathepsin proteases. ALLM inhibits neuronal cell death and improves chronic neurological function after spinal cord injury (SCI)[1][2].
Arachidonylcyclopropylamide (ACPA) is a potent and selective CB1 receptors agonist. Arachidonylcyclopropylamide inhibits forskolin-stimulated cAMP production in CHO cells transfected with human cannabinoid CB1 receptors (IC50=2 nM)[1].