CGP71683 hydrochloride is a competitive neuropeptide Y5 receptor antagonist with a Ki of 1.3 nM, and shows no obvious activity at Y1 receptor (Ki, >4000 nM) and Y2 receptor (Ki, 200 nM) in cell membranes.
CGP55845 hydrochloride is a potent and selective GABAB receptor antagonist with an IC50 of 6 nM. CGP55845 hydrochloride can be used for neurological research[1][2].
Imipramine-d6 is the deuterium labeled Imipramine hydrochloride. Imipramine hydrochloride inhibits serotonin transporter with an IC50 value of 32 nM. Imipramine hydrochloride is reported to prevent the translocation of aSMase, inhibiting MV and exosomes secretion[1][2][3][4][5].
GSK3-IN-3 is a mitophagy inducer, inducing Parkin-dependent mitophagy. GSK3-IN-3 is also a GSK-3 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 3.01 μM. GSK3-IN-3 is non-ATP nor substrate competitive and is neuroprotective against 6-OHDA[1][2][3].
LRRK2-IN-3 (compoubd 24) is a potent, selective, orally active and brain-penetrant inhibitor LRRK2, with IC50 of 2.6 nM in human PBMCs. LRRK2-IN-3 can be used for the research of Parkinson's disease[1].
(S)-Salsolinol ((-)-Salsolinol) is a dopamine-derived endogenous metabolite[1].
Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate insecticide that is classified as a phosphorothionate. The oxon metabolite of Chlorpyrifos is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), affecting neurological function in insects, humans, and other animals. The Chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO) metabolite is hydrolyzed by the plasma enzyme paraoxonase 1 (PON1), and susceptibility to neurotoxicity associated with CPO exposure is mitigated by PON1 overexpression.
Ectylurea，a N-acylurea，can be used in studies of tension and anxiety symptoms, has no effect on the autonomic nervous system, and has no convulsive, analgesic or antispasmodic activity in animals[1].
Etiracetam (UCB 6474) is an acetylcholine agonist and a nootropic drug of the racetam family. Less active than its S-enantiomer Levetiracetam (UCB L059)[1].
(S)-Amisulpride (Esamisulpride) is a potent dopamine D2/D3 receptor antagonist. (S)-Amisulpride is an antagonist at the 5-HT7 receptor with a KI of 900 nM. (S)-Amisulpride has antipsychotic and antidepressant effects[1][2].
ML 10302 is a potent agonist 5-HT4 receptor with Ki of 1.07 nM. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT4) receptor agonists stimulate gut motility through cholinergic pathways. ML10302 induces significant prokinesia both in the small bowel and colon through activation of cholinergic pathways. ML 10302 also has the potential for the research of neurology diseases[1].
OBA-09 is a novel multimodal neuroprotectant oxopropanoyloxy benzoic acid (a salicylic acid/pyruvate ester); shows robust protective effects in the postischemic brain.IC50 value:Target: OBA-09 exhibited antioxidative effects in the postischemic brain, which was evidenced by remarkable reduction of lipid peroxidation and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal staining in OBA-09-administered animals. Reactive oxygen species generation was markedly suppressed in primary cortical cultures under oxygen-glucose deprivation. More interestingly, OBA-09 was capable of scavenging hydroxyl radical in cell-free assays. High-performance liquid chromatography results demonstrated that OBA-09 was hydrolyzed to salicylic acid and pyruvate with t1/2 = 43 min in serum and 4.2 h in brain parenchyma, indicating that antioxidative function of OBA-09 is executed by itself and also by salicylic acid after the hydrolysis. In addition to antioxidative function, OBA-09 exerts anti-excitotoxic and anti-Zn2+-toxic functions, which might be attributed to attenuation of ATP and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide depletion and to the suppression of nuclear factor-κB activity induction. Together these results indicate that OBA-09 has a potent therapeutic potential as a multimodal neuroprotectant in the postischemic brain and these effects were conferred by OBA-09 itself and subsequently its hydrolyzed products.
MK-212 (CPP) monohydrochloride is a centrally acting 5-HT1C/5-HT2 agonist. MK-212 monohydrochloride can stimulate phosphoinositide hydrolysis in cerebral cortex[1].
Loxapine Succinate is a D2DR and D4DR inhibitor, serotonergic receptor antagonist and also a dibenzoxazepine anti-psychotic agent.IC50 value: Target: D2DR/D4DR; 5-HT receptorin vitro: In the presence of Loxapine, [3H]ketanserin binds to 5-HT2 receptor in Frontal cortex of brain in human and bovine with ki value of 6.2 nM and 6.6 nM, respectively. Loxapine has the rank order of potency for the various receptors appears to be as follows:5-HT2≥D4>>>D1>D2 in comparing competition experiments involving the human membranes [1]. Loxapine 0.2 μM, 2 μM and 20 μM reduces IL-1beta secretion by LPS-activated mixed glia cultures after 1 and 3 days of exposure. Loxapine in concentrations of 0.2 μM, 2 μM and 20 μM reduces IL-2 secretion in mixed glia cultures after 1 and 3 days of exposure, and additionally Loxapine decreases IL-1beta and IL-2 secretion in LPS-induced microglia cultures in concentrations of 2 μM, 10 μM and 20 μM [2].in vivo: Loxapine (5 mg/kg) induces a very significant reduction (more than 50%) of serotonin (S2) receptor density after 4 weeks or 10 weeks of daily injection in the rat. Loxapine (5 mg/kg) does not change dopamine receptor density but greatly reduces serotonin receptor density by 47% in the brain of rats [3].
(±)-Duloxetine ((Rac)-Duloxetine) hydrochloride is the racemate of Duloxetine hydrochloride. Duloxetine hydrochloride, a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, can be used for diabetic neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia as well as major depressive disorder research[1].
SORT-PGRN interaction inhibitor 1 is a potent inhibitor of the sortilin-progranulin interaction with an IC50 of 2 μM[1].
PDE7-IN-2 (compound 2) is a potent PDE7 (phosphodiesterase 7) inhibitor with IC50 value of 2.1 µM. PDE7-IN-2 has the potential for the research of parkinson’s disease[1].
GSK1521498 free base is a potent and selective μ-opioid receptor (MOR) antagonist. GSK1521498 free base is being used for the treatment of disorders of compulsive consumption of food, alcohol, and drugs[1].
Apimostinel is an oral NMDA receptor partial agonist.
H-Glu(OtBu)-OtBu hydrochloride is a glutamate derivative that can be used for substance P antagonist synthesis[1].
DSP-1053 is a novel potent serotonin reuptake (SERT) inhibitor with 5-HT1A partial agonistic activity that binds to human serotonin transporter and 5-HT1A receptor with Ki of 1.02 and 5.05 nM, respectively; inhibits serotonin transporter with IC50 of 2.74 nM and shows an intrinsic activity for 5-HT1A receptors of 70.0%; dose-dependently increases extracellular 5-HT levels in rat microdialysis at 3-10 mg/kg, demonstrates antidepressant-like effect in vivo. Depression Phase 1 Discontinued
TMPPAA is an allosteric agonist and positive allosteric modulator of the 5-HT3 receptor. TMPPAA enhances 5-HT-mediated 5-HT3AR signaling[1].
D-Galactose-d1-3 is the deuterium labeled D-Galactose. D-Galactose is a natural aldohexose and C-4 epimer of glucose.
6-Biopterin (L-Biopterin), a pterin derivative, is a NO synthase cofactor.
Acephate-d3 is the deuterium labeled Acephate. Acephate is an anticholinesterase insecticide that produces cholinotoxicity. Acephate displays weak inhibition of rat AChE but potently inhibits cockroach AChE.
AMPA Receptor Modulator is a potent, oral active and selective AMPAR regulatory protein TARP γ-8 negative modulator with a pIC50 of 9.7, more selective over GluA1/γ-2 (pIC50=5)[1].
Guanfacine is a selective α2A receptor agonist.Target: α2A ReceptorGuanfacine is a sympatholytic. It is a selective α2A receptor agonist. These receptors are concentrated heavily in the prefrontal cortex and the locus coeruleus, with the potential to improve attention resulting from interaction with receptors in the former. Guanfacine lowers both systolic and diastolic blood pressure by activating the central nervous system α2A norepinephrine autoreceptors, which results in reduced peripheral sympathetic outflow and thus a reduction in peripheral sympathetic tone [1, 2].
Sumatriptan succinate (GR 43175) is a serotonin1 (5-HT1) receptor agonist, which is effective in the acute treatment of migraine headache.Target: 5-HT 1d receptor agonistSumatriptan succinate is a serotonin1 (5-HT1) receptor agonist, which is effective in the acute treatment of migraine headache. Its antimigraine activity is believed to derive from selective vasoconstriction of cranial blood vessels which are dilated and distended during migraine headache and/or from inhibition of neurogenically mediated inflammation in the dura mater [1].For sumatriptan succinate 50 mg versus placebo the NNTs were 6.1, 7.5, and 4.0 for pain-free at two hours and headache relief at one and two hours, respectively. NNTs for sustained pain-free and sustained headache relief during the 24 hours postdose were 9.5 and 6.0, respectively [2]. Difference in time-weighted (0-2.5 h) mean arterial pressure MAP (90% confidence interval) was 1.2 mmHg (-0.2, 2.7) between telcagepant and placebo, 4.0 mmHg (2.5, 5.5) between sumatriptan succinate and placebo, and 1.5 mmHg (0.0, 3.0) between telcagepant with sumatriptan succinate vs sumatriptan succinate alone. When coadministered with telcagepant, the AUC0-6h and C(max) of sumatriptan succinate were increased by 23% and 24%, respectively. The small MAP increases observed after coadministration could possibly be associated with the slight elevations in sumatriptan succinate levels [3].Clinical indications: Cluster headache; MigraineToxicity: Symptoms of overdose include convulsions, tremor, paralysis, inactivity, ptosis, erythema of the extremities, abnormal respiration, cyanosis, ataxia, mydriasis, salivation, and lacrimation
Darglitazone Sodium, a thiazolidinedione, is an orally active, potent, and selective PPAR-γ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) agonist. Darglitazone Sodium is effective in controlling blood glucose and lipid metabolism, and can be used for type II diabetes research[1][2].
VU0469650 is a potent, selective and CNS-penetrated negative allosteric modulator of mGlu1 receptor, with an IC50 of 99 nM[1].