L-Pyroglutamic acid is the levo-isomer of Pyroglutamic acid. L-Pyroglutamic acid is the biologically active enantiomer in humans. Pyroglutamic acid is an intermediate in glutathione metabolism.
3-Methylbutanoic acid is a natural fatty acid and known to effect on neonatal death and possible Jamaican vomiting sickness in human.
Ureidopropionic acid is an intermediate in the metabolism of uracil.
Valproic acid is an HDAC inhibitor, with IC50 in the range of 0.5 and 2 mM, also inhibits HDAC1 (IC50, 400 μM), and induces proteasomal degradation of HDAC2; Valproic acid sodium salt is used in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder and prevention of migraine headaches.
(S)-3,4-Dihydroxybutyric acid is a normal human urinary metabolite that is excreted in increased concentration in patients with succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency.
Pregnenolone monosulfate acts as a signaling-specific inhibitor of cannabinoid CB1 receptor, reduces several effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
3-Hydroxyhippuric acid is an acyl glycine. Acyl glycines are normally minor metabolites of fatty acids.
Terephthalic acid is one isomer of the three phthalic, a precursor to the polyester PET, used to make clothing and plastic bottles.
Decanoic acid belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids.
23-hydroxybetulinic acid is one of the bioactive components responsible for its anticancer activity.In vitro: 23-hydroxybetulinic acid also shows different proliferation inhibitory activity against B16, HeLa, and HUVEC, with the IC50 value of 78.5, 80, and 94.8 uM, respectively. 23-hydroxybetulinic acid can promote cell cycle arrest at S phase and induce apoptosis via intrinsic pathway. 23-hydroxybetulinic acid disrupts mitochondrial membrane potential significantly (p<0.01) and selectively downregulates the levels of Bcl-2, survivin and upregulates Bax, cytochrome C, cleaved caspase-9 23-hydroxybetulinic acid can induce apoptosis in K562 cells. [1] 23-hydroxybetulinic acid enhances sensitivity of doxorubicin (DOX, ADR) on MCF-7/ADR cell lines, indicating its potential to be developed as a novel MDR modulator.[2] 23-HBA significantly improve the sensitivity of the tumor to doxorubicin. [3]
All-trans-retinal is a one of the major vitamin A metabolites in the retina. In physiological conditions, all-trans-RAL is regenerated to the visual chromophore, 11-cis-retinal.
Levulinic acid is a precursor for the synthesis of biofuels, such as ethyl levulinate.
Palmitelaidic acid is the trans isomer of palmitoleic acid. Palmitoleic acid is one of the most abundant fatty acids in serum and tissue.
2-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a potential biomarker for the food products, and found to be associated with phenylketonuria (PKU).
m-Coumaric acid is a polyphenol metabolite from caffeic acid, formed by the gut microflora and the amount in human biofluids is diet-dependant.
Anacardic Acid, extracted from cashew nut shell liquid, is a histone acetyltransferase inhibitor, inhibits HAT activity of p300 and PCAF, with IC50s of ∼8.5 μM and ∼5 μM, respectively.
Citric acid trilithium salt tetrahydrate is a pharmaceutical and construction material, used in HPLC gradient elution for quantitative amino acid analysis.
2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid is a derivative of benzoic and a powerful inhibitor of fibroblast growth factors.
3,4-Dihydroxymandelic acid is a metabolite of norepinephrine.
Lithocholic acid is a toxic secondary bile acid, causes intrahepatic cholestasis, has tumor-promoting activity.Target: OthersLithocholic acid has been used in a study to assess cholestasis and its action on several organs and tissues in rats. It has also been used in a study to investigate the regulation of hepatic phospholipid and bile acid homeostasis through SMAD3 activation by TGFβ. It has been implicated in human and experimental animal carcinogenesis. Preliminary in vitro research suggests that LCA selectively kills neuroblastoma cells, while sparing normal neuronal cells and is cytotoxic to numerous other malignant cell types at physiologically relevant concentrations.
Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid is a natural alkaloid from the marine bacterium Pelomonas puraquae sp. Nov.
Fosfructose is a cytoprotective natural sugar phosphate for the potential treatment of cardiovascular ischemia, sickle cell anemia and asthma.
Methyl vanillate, one of the ingredients in Hovenia dulcis Thunb, is a Wnt/β-catenin pathway activator[1]. A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of vanillic acid. It has a role as an antioxidant and a plant metabolite.
3,4-Dimethoxyphenylacetic acid is a building block in the chemical synthesis.
2-Phenylpropionic acid is an intermediate in alpha-Methylstyrene metabolism.
Cholic acid is a major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.
(8Z,11Z,14Z)-Icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid is a 20-carbon-chain omega-6 fatty acid unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14.
Veratric acid (3,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid) is an orally active phenolic compound derived from vegetables and fruits, has antioxidant[1] and anti-inflammatory activities[3]. Veratric acid also acts as a protective agent against hypertension-associated cardiovascular remodelling[2]. Veratric acid reduces upregulated COX-2 expression, and levels of PGE2, IL-6 after UVB irradiation[3].
Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid abundantly present brain and retina. It can be obtained directly from fish oil and maternal milk.
trans-trans-Muconic acid is a urinary metabolite of benzene and has been used as a biomarker of exposure to benzene in humans