Paris saponin VII (Chonglou Saponin VII) is a steroidal saponin isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Trillium tschonoskii Maxim. Paris saponin VII-induced apoptosis in K562/ADR cells is associated with Akt/MAPK and the inhibition of P-gp. Paris saponin VII attenuates mitochondrial membrane potential, increases the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, such as Bax and cytochrome c, and decreases the protein expression levels of Bcl-2, caspase-9, caspase-3, PARP-1, and p-Akt. Paris saponin VII induces a robust autophagy in K562/ADR cells and provides a biochemical basis in the treatment of leukemia[1].
Ursolic acid(Bungeolic acid) is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid carboxylic acid, exerts anti-tumor effects and is an effective compound for cancer prevention and therapy. IC50 value:Target:in vitro: UA induced phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase alpha (AMPKα) and suppressed the protein expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) in the dose-dependent manner [1]. The combination of ursolic acid (0.5 μM) and leucine (10 μM) proved to be the most effective in promoting myogenic differentiation. The combination of ursolic acid and leucine significantly increased CK activity than treatment with either agent alone. The level of myosin heavy chain, a myogenic differentiation marker protein, was also enhanced by the combination of ursolic acid and leucine [2]. Ursolic acid efficiently induced apoptosis, possibly via the downregulation of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), the upregulation of Bcl-2-associated X protein and the proteolytic activation of caspase-3. Furthermore, the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase was increased by the administration of ursolic acid. In addition, ursolic acid significantly suppressed the invasive phenotype of the SNU-484 cells and significantly decreased the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 [3]. ursolic acid (UA) potently induces the apoptosis of gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells. Further mechanistic studies revealed that the ROCK1/PTEN signaling pathway plays a critical role in UA-mediated mitochondrial translocation of cofilin-1 and apoptosis [4].in vivo: UA treatment markedly improved the survival of septic rats, and attenuated CLP-induced lung injury, including reduction of lung wet/dry weight ratio, infiltration of leukocytes and proteins, myeloperoxidase activity, and malondialdehyde content. In addition, UA significantly decreased the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β, inhibited the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in the lung, which are involved in the productions of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 [5].
Piperine, a natural alkaloid isolated from Piper nigrum L, inhibits P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 activities with an IC50 value of 61.94±0.054 μg/mL in HeLa cell.
Pennogenin 3-O-beta-chacotrioside is an active component isolated from Paris polyphylla, modulates autophagy via increasing the expressions of autophagy-related proteins LC3 and Beclin-1. Anti-colorectal cancer activity[1].
Rosiglitazone (BRL49653) is a potent thiazolidinedione insulin sensitizer. Rosiglitazone is a selective PPARγ agonist with EC50s of 30 nM, 100 nM and 60 nM for PPARγ1, PPARγ2, and PPARγ, respectively.
Pitavastatin Calcium is a potent hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor. Pitavastatin inhibits cholesterol synthesis from acetic acid with an IC50 of 5.8 nM in HepG2 cells.
Dexamethasone acetate is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist.
Ruxolitinib sulfate is the first potent, selective JAK1/2 inhibitor to enter the clinic with IC50s of 3.3 nM/2.8 nM, and has > 130-fold selectivity for JAK1/2 versus JAK3.
Calcimycin (A23187) is an antibiotic and a unique divalent cation ionophore (like calcium and magnesium). It induces Ca2+-dependent cell death by increasing intracellular calcium concentration. Calcimycin inhibits the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and some fungi. Calcimycin also inhibits the activity of ATPase and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation of mammalian cells. It induces apoptosis[1][2][3][4].
Sunitinib Malate (SU 11248 Malate) is a potent tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting VEGFR2 and PDGFRβ with IC50s of 80 nM and 2 nM, respectively.
Lamotrigine-13C2,15N is the 13C and 15N labeled Lamotrigine[1]. Lamotrigine (BW430C) is a potent and orally active anticonvulsant or antiepileptic agent. Lamotrigine selectively blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels, stabilizing presynaptic neuronal membranes and inhibiting glutamate release. Lamotrigine can be used for the research of epilepsy,?focal seizure, et al[2][3].
STF-62247 is TGN inhibitor with IC50 of 0.625μM and 16μM in RCC4 and RCC4/VHL cells,respectively.It specifically induces autophagic cell death in cells that have lost VHL, an essential mutation in the development of RCC.IC50: 0.625/16μM in RCC4 and RCC4/VHL cells,respectively.[1]In vitro: STF-62247 induces cytotoxicity in VHL-deficient cells in a HIF-independent manner, STF-62247 increases acidification in VHL-deficient cells ,TGN is a target of STF-62247 and a drug-selective pathway synthetically lethal in VHL-deficient cells.[1] Golgi trafficking are required as initial signals in STF-62247-induced autophagy.[2]STF-62247 increases radiosensitivity in a VHL-dependent manner.[3]In vivo: SN12C, SN12C-VHL shRNA, or 786-O cells were implanted subcutaneously into the flanks of immunodeficient mice. The selective cytotoxicity of STF-62247 for the VHL-deficient cells was also demonstrated in 786-O cells compared to their wild-type VHL counterparts by clonogenic assay in vitro. Daily treatment with STF-62247 significantly reduced tumor growth of VHL-deficient cells. This decrease in tumor growth was concentration dependent. Importantly, drug treatment did not have any effect on the growth of SN12C tumor cells that have wild-type VHL. Together,STF-62247 reduces tumor growth in VHL-deficient cells in mice.[1]
Curcumin is a natural phenolic compound with diverse pharmacologic effects including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiproliferative and antiangiogenic activities. Curcumin is an inhibitor of p300 histone acetylatransferase ((HATs)) and also shows inhibitory effects on NF-κB and MAPKs.
Dasatinib monohydrate (BMS-354825 monohydrate) is a highly potent, ATP competitive, orally active dual Src/Bcr-Abl inhibitor with potent antitumor activity. The Ki values of 16 pM and 30 pM for Src and Bcr-Abl, respectively[1].
C646 is a selective and competitive histone acetyltransferase p300 inhibitor with Ki of 400 nM, and is less potent for other acetyltransferases.
Dasatinib D8 is a deuterium labeled Dasatinib. Dasatinib is a dual Bcr-Abl and Src family tyrosine kinase inhibitor.
CCT128930 hydrochloride is a potent and selective inhibitor of AKT (IC50=6 nM). CCT128930 hydrochloride has 28-fold selectivity over the closely related PKA kinase (IC50=168 nM) through the targeting of Met282 of AKT (Met173 of PKA-AKT chimera), as well as 20-fold selectivity over p70S6K (IC50=120 nM). CCT128930 hydrochloride induces cell cycle arrest, DNA damage, and autophagy. Antitumor activity[1][2].
Purvalanol A is a potent CDK inhibitor, which inhibits cdc2-cyclin B, cdk2-cyclin A, cdk2-cyclin E, cdk4-cyclin D1, and cdk5-p35 with IC50s of 4, 70, 35, 850, 75 nM, resepctively.
OSU-03012 is a PDK-1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 5 μM.
Vancomycin hydrochloride is an antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial infections. It acts by inhibiting the second stage of cell wall synthesis of susceptible bacteria. Vancomycin also alters the permeability of the cell membrane and selectively inhibits ribonucleic acid synthesis.
Imiquimod is an immune response modifier and a toll-like receptor 7 agonist.
Obatoclax (GX15-070), a BH3 mimetic, is a pan-BCL-2 family proteins inhibitor with a Ki of 220 nM for BCL-2[1][2]. Obatoclax induces autophagy-dependent cell death and targets cyclin D1 for proteasomal degradation. Obatoclax has anti-cancer and broad-spectrum antiparasitic activity[3][4].
GDC-0941 dimethanesulfonate is a potent inhibitor of PI3Kα/δ with IC50 of 3 nM, with modest selectivity against p110β (11-fold) and p110γ (25-fold).
Salinomycin is an anticoccidial drug with potent anti-bacterial activity and an novel anticancer agent targeting human cancer stem cells.
Genistein, a soy isoflavone, is a multiple tyrosine kinases inhibitor which acts as a chemotherapeutic agent against different types of cancer, mainly by altering apoptosis, the cell cycle, and angiogenesis and inhibiting metastasis.
PHA-665752 is a potent, selective and ATP-competitive c-Met inhibitor with IC50 of 9 nM, >50-fold selectivity for c-Met than RTKs or STKs.IC50 value: 9 nMTarget: c-Metin vitro: PHA-665752 significantly inhibits c-Met kinase activity with Ki of 4 nM, and exhibits >50-fold selectivity for c-Met compared with various tyrosine and serine-threonine kinases. PHA-665752 potently inhibits the HGF-stimulated c-Met autophosphorylation with IC50 of 25-50 nM. PHA-665752 also significantly blocks HGF- and c-Met-dependent functions such as cell motility and cell proliferation with IC50 of 40-50 nM and 18-42 nM, respectively. In addition, PHA-665752 potently inhibits HGF-stimulated or constitutive phosphorylation of mediators of downstream of c-Met such as Gab-1, ERK, Akt, STAT3, PLC-γ, and FAK in multiple tumor cell lines [1]. PHA-665752 inhibits cell growth in TPR-MET-transformed BaF3 cells with IC50 of <60 nM, and inhibits constitutive cell motility and migration by 92.5% at 0.2 μM. Inhibition of c-Met by PHA665752 (0.2 μM) also induces cell apoptosis of 33.1% and G1 cell cycle arrest with cells in G1 phase increasing from 42.4% to 77.0%. PHA665752 can cooperate with rapamycin to inhibit cell growth of TPR-MET-transformed BaF3 cells and non-small cell lung cancer H441 cells [2].in vivo: Administration of PHA-665752 induces a dose-dependent tumor growth inhibition of S114 xenografts by 20 %, 39% and 68%, at dose of 7.5, 15, and 30 mg/kg/day, respectively [1]. PHA665752 treatment significantly reduces the tumor growth of NCI-H69, NCI-H441 and A549 in mouse xenografts by 99%, 75%, and 59%, respectively. PHA665752 also significantly inhibits angiogenesis by >85%, due to decreasing the production of vascular endothelial growth factor and increasing the production of the angiogenesis inhibitor thrombospondin-1 [3].
Levosimendan(OR1259) is a calcium sensitiser used in the management of acutely decompensated congestive heart failure.Target: OthersLevosimendan is a calcium sensitiser used in the management of acutely decompensated congestive heart failure. Levosimendan is an inodilator indicated for the short-term treatment of acutely decompensated severe chronic heart failure, and in situations where conventional therapy is not considered adequate. Levosimendan has shown preliminary positive effects in a range of conditions requiring inotropic support, including right ventricular failure, cardiogenic shock, septic shock, and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy [1]. The cardiovascular effects of levosimendan are exerted via more than an isolated drug-receptor interaction, and involve favorable energetic and neurohormonal changes that are unique in comparison to other types of inodilators [2]. Levosimendan might reduce mortality in cardiac surgery and cardiology settings of adult patients [3].
2-Methoxyestradiol-d5 is the deuterium labeled 2-Hydroxyestradiol. 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME2), an orally active endogenous metabolite of 17β-estradiol (E2), is an apoptosis inducer and an angiogenesis inhibitor with potent antineoplastic activity. 2-Methoxyestradiol also destablize microtubules. 2-Methoxyestradio, also a potent superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitor and a ROS-generating agent, induces autophagy in the transformed cell line HEK293 and the cancer cell lines U87 and HeLa[1][2][3][4][5][6][7].
Pamapimod-d4 (Ro4402257-d4) is the deuterium labeled Pamapimod. Pamapimod (Ro4402257) is a potent, selective and orally active p38 MAPK inhibitor with IC50s of 14 nM and 480 nM and Kis of 1.3 nM and 120 nM for p38α and p38β, respectively. Pamapimod has no activity against p38δ or p38γ isoforms. Pamapimod has the potential for rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases treatment[1][2].
Sanshool is a major component in Zanthoxylum bungeanum. Sanshool improves UVB-induced skin photodamage by targeting JAK2/STAT3-dependent autophagy[1].