MC-Val-Cit-PAB-MMAF is a drug-linker conjugate for ADC with antitumor activity by using the tubulin inhibitor, MMAF, linked via cathepsin cleavable MC-Val-Cit-PAB.
A novel potent and metabolically stable tubulin inhibitor that can circumvent the drug efflux pumps responsible for multidrug resistance of existing tubulin inhibitors; demonstrates cytotoxicty in a panel of human metastatic melanoma cell lines harboring major clinically relevant mutations with IC50 of 7-10 nM, disrupts microtubule networks, suppresses anchorage-dependent melanoma colony formation, and impaires cancer cell migration; inhibits tumor growth and reduced lung metastasis in melanoma-bearing mice, also completely inhibits tumor growth in a paclitaxel-resistant xenograft mouse model.
DM3 (Maytansinoid DM3) is a maytansine analog bearing disulfide or thiol groups and a tubulin inhibitor, and is a cytotoxic moiety of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)[1].
Fosbretabulin disodium(CA 4DP; CA 4P) is a microtubule destabilizing drug, a type of vascular-targeting agent, a drug designed to damage the vasculature (blood vessels) of cancer tumors causing central necrosis.IC50 Value: 4 nM [1]Target: microtubulein vitro: Cytotoxic IC(50) values of CA-4 in human bladder cancer cells were below 4 nM. Analyses of cell-cycle distribution showed CA-4 obviously induced G(2)-M phase arrest with sub-G(1) formation. The analyses of apoptosis showed that CA-4 induced caspase-3 activation and decreased BubR1 and Bub3 in cancer cells [1]. The enhanced apoptosis induced by dasatinib plus CA-4 was accompanied by a greater extent of mitochondrial depolarization, caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage in HO-8910 cells. Furthermore, elevated expression of Mcl-1 led to a reduced apoptosis induced by dasatinib plus CA-4, highlighting that downregulated Mcl-1 was necessary for the potentiating effect of dasatinib to CA-4-triggered apoptosis [2].in vivo: The increased anticancer efficacy of dasatinib combined with CA-4 was further validated in a human HO-8910 ovarian cancer xenograft model in nude mice [2]. There was a significant, concentration dependent increase in mean arterial blood pressure with a maximum increase of about 60% of the baseline MAP at 30 mg/kg of CA4P compared to the saline control. However, there was no significant increase in the cardiac troponin I level after CA4P injection [3].Clinical trial: A phase II trial of fosbretabulin in advanced anaplastic thyroid carcinoma and correlation of baseline serum-soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 with outcome [4].
DM4-SMe is a metabolite of antibody-maytansin conjugates (AMCs) and a tubulin inhibitor, and also a cytotoxic moiety of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), which can be linked to antibody through disulfide bond or stable thioether bond. DM4-SMe inhibits KB cells with an IC50 of 0.026 nM[1][2].
Tubulin polymerization-IN-19 (compound 4) is a potent inhibitor of tubulin polymerization. Tubulin polymerization-IN-20 has the potential for the research of breast cancers and chemoresistant colon cancers[1].
Pironetin is an α/β unsaturated lactone isolated from Streptomyces species. Pironetin binds to α-tubulin and is a potent inhibitor of microtubule polymerization, and has cell cycle arrest and antitumor activity[1][2].
Tubulin polymerization-IN-10 is a potent tubulin polymerization inhibitor with an IC50 of 4.25±0.75 μM. Tubulin polymerization-IN-10 has anti-tumor effects[1].
Tubulin inhibitor 29 (compound 3c) is a potent tubulin inhibitor with an IC50 value of 1.2 µM. Tubulin inhibitor 29 shows antiproliferative effects with an IC50 value of 7.5 µM for MCF-7 cells. Tubulin inhibitor 29 inhibits tubulin assembly and bounds in the colchicine site[1].
VEGFR-2-IN-22 (Compound 25) is a dual VEGFR-2 and β-tubulin polymerization inhibitor with an IC50 of 19.82 nM against VEGFR-2. VEGFR-2-IN-22 induces apoptosis[1].
Ceratamine A is an antimitotic heterocyclic alkaloid isolated from the marine sponge Pseudoceratina sp., acts as a microtubule-stabilizing agent. Ceratamine A exhibits cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines[1][2][3].
2-Methoxyestradiol-d5 is the deuterium labeled 2-Hydroxyestradiol. 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME2), an orally active endogenous metabolite of 17β-estradiol (E2), is an apoptosis inducer and an angiogenesis inhibitor with potent antineoplastic activity. 2-Methoxyestradiol also destablize microtubules. 2-Methoxyestradio, also a potent superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitor and a ROS-generating agent, induces autophagy in the transformed cell line HEK293 and the cancer cell lines U87 and HeLa[1][2][3][4][5][6][7].
DM1-SMe is an unconjugated form of the Maytansinoid in IMGN901. DM1-SMe is about 3-10-fold more potent than the parent drug Maytansine, with IC50s ranging from 0.003 to 0.01 nM for DM1-SMe in a panel of human tumor cell lines[1].
Tubulin inhibitor 23 is a potent Tubulin inhibitor with an IC50 of 4.8 µM. Tubulin inhibitor 23 induces cell apoptosis. Tubulin inhibitor 23 shows antiangiogenic activity in a dose-dependent manner. Tubulin inhibitor 23 has the potential for the research of leukaemia[1].
Cys-McMMAF is the released payload of AlMcMMAF, an anti-5T4 humanized A1 antibody conjugated to the microtubule disrupting MMAF (HY-15579) via a maleimidocaproyl linker. Cys-McMMAF has antitumor efficacy in two tumor mouse models (H1975 and MDA-MB-361-DYT2 models)[1].
Vincristine sulfate is an antitumor vinca alkaloid which inhibits microtubule formation in mitotic spindle, resulting in an arrest of dividing cells at the metaphase stage. It binds to microtubule with a Ki of 85 nM.
DM4 is is an antitubulin agent that inhibit cell division. DM4 can be used in the preparation of antibody drug conjugate.
MMAF hydrochloride is an antitubulin agent that inhibit cell division; inhibits H3397 cell growth with an IC50 of 105 nM.
Methylene blue (Basic Blue 9) hydrate is a guanylyl cyclase (sGC), monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor. Methylene blue is a vasopressor and is often used as a dye in several medical procedures. Methylene blue hydrate through the nitric oxide syntase/guanylate cyclase signalling pathway to reduce prepulse inhibition. Methylene blue hydrate is a REDOX cycling compound and able to cross the blood-brain barrier. Methylene blue hydrate is a Tau aggregation inhibitor. Methylene blue hydrate reduces cerebral edema, attenuated microglial activation and reduced neuroinflammation[1][2][3].
Tubulin polymerization-IN-16 (compound 5g) is a potent inhibitor of tubulin polymerization. Tubulin polymerization-IN-16 shows most potent against cancer cells, with IC50 values of 0.084-0.221 μM. Tubulin polymerization-IN-16 potently disrupts microtubule/tubulin dynamics, induces cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase in SGC-7901 cells[1].
Tasidotin hydrochloride is a peptide analog of the antimitotic depsipeptide dolastatin 15, as an inhibitor of microtubule assembly and microtubule dynamics.
Vinflunine is a new vinca alkaloid uniquely fluorinated with the properties of mitotic-arresting and tubulin-interacting activity.Target: Microtubule/TubulinThe major effects of Vinflunine on dynamic instability are a slowing of the microtubule growth rate, an increase in growth duration, and a reduction in shortening duration. The effects of Vinflunine on the readmilling rate is examined by following [3H]GTP incorporation into MAP-rich microtubules, and the IC50 is 0.42 μM [1]. Vinflunine induced mitotic accumulation with IC50 with 18.8 nM, which decreases the centromere dynamicity by 44% and increases the time centromeres spent ina paused state by 63% [2]. Treatment of Vinflunine induces a rapid change in endothelial cell shape: cells retracts and assumes a rounded morphology. Mean IC50 values are 9.9 × 10-5 M × 10-5 M for fibronectin and 5.0× 10-5 M × 10-5 M for type IV collagen. A short 4 hours exposure of endothelial cells to Vinflunine at 10-8 0.05). An ID50 value (dose which inhibits 50% of bFGF-induced neovascularisation) is calculated as 1 mg/kg. Low doses of Vinflunine reduce the number of experimental liver metastases by human LS174T colon cancer cell. A slight overall decrease in liver metastatic foci is already observed at the very low dose of 0.16 mg/kg Vinflunine, although maximal overall inhibition is reached at the maximal tolerated dose (MTD) of 20 mg/kg [3].
Vorsetuzumab mafodotin (SGN-75) is an Auristatin-based anti-CD70 antibody-drug conjugate (ADC). Vorsetuzumab mafodotin consists of a humanized monoclonal antibody, Vorsetuzumab and an ADC cytotoxin MMAF. Vorsetuzumab mafodotin has antineoplastic activity[1].
Vat-Cit-PAB-Monomethyl Dolastatin 10 is a drug-linker conjugate for ADC with potent antitumor activity by using Monomethyl Dolastatin 10 (a potent tubulin inhibitor), linked via the ADC linker Vat-Cit-PAB.
Nocodazole is a rapidly-reversible inhibitor of microtubule. Nocodazole binds to β-tubulin and disrupts microtubule assembly/disassembly dynamics, which prevents mitosis and induces apoptosis in tumor cells.
MPT0B014 is a tubulin polymerization inhibitor. MPT0B014 induces cancer cell apoptosis. MPT0B014 can be used for the research of cancer[1].
Tubulin polymerization-IN-20 (compound 11) is a potent inhibitor of tubulin polymerization. Tubulin polymerization-IN-20 has the potential for the research of breast cancers and chemoresistant colon cancers[1].
7-Epi-10-oxo-docetaxel (Docetaxel Impurity C; 7-Epitaxotere) is a impurity of docetaxel.
Vindesine sulfate is a potent tubulin inhibitor with an Ki of 0.110 µM. Vindesine sulfate shows anti-proliferation effect in vitro. Vindesine sulfate shows antitumor effect in vivo[1].
MKC-1 (Ro-31-7453) is an orally active and potent cell cycle inhibitor with broad antitumor activity. MKC-1 inhibits the Akt/mTOR pathway. MKC-1 arrests cellular mitosis and induces cell apoptosis by binding to a number of different cellular proteins including tubulin and members of the importin β family[1][2][3].