Tiotropium-d6 (bromide) is deuterium labeled Tiotropium (Bromide). Tiotropium Bromide (BA679 BR) is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) antagonist that blocks the binding of the acetylcholine ligand and subsequent opening of the ligand-gated ion channel.
Darifenacin(UK88525) is a selective M3 muscarinic receptor antagonist with pKi of 8.9.IC50 value: 8.9 (pKi) [1]Target: M3 receptorin vitro: Darifenacin exerts non-parallel rightward displacement of the agonist curve and also significant depression of the maximum response (+)-cis-Dioxolane produced concentration-dependent contraction of the isolated bladder of rat [1]. Darifenacin produces a concentration dependent increase in R123 (P-gp probe) accumulation in MDCK cells. Darifenacin stimulates ATPase activity in P-gp membrane in a clear concentration dependent response manner with an estimated ED50 value of 1.6 μM. Darifenacin (100 nM) shows a significantly greater permeability for darifenacin in the basolateral to apical direction resulting in an efflux ratio in BBMEC monolayers of approximately 2.6 [2].in vivo: Darifenacin produces dose-dependent inhibition of amplitude of volume-induced bladder contractions(VIBCAMP), producing 35% inhibition at dose of 283.3 nmol/kg and maximal inhibition of approximately 50–55% [1]. Darifenacin (0.1 mg/kg i.v.) reduces bladder afferent activity in both Aδ and C fibers in female Sprague-Dawley rats, the decrease in afferent spikes in C fibers may be more pronounced than that in Aδ fibers [3].
Nor-benzetimide is a major metabolite of Benzetimide. Benzetimide is a mAChR antagonist with anticholinergic activity[1][2].
(±)-Muscarine chloride is the racemate of Muscarine chloride. Muscarine is a prototype muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist[1][2].
Xanomeline, as an effective and selective muscarinic type 1 and type 4 (M1/M4) receptor agonist, increases neuronal excitability. Xanomeline can be used for the research of neurological disorders, such as schizophrenia[1][2].
Benzotropine is a centrally-acting, antimuscarinic agent used as an adjunct in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.Target: mAChRBenzotropine is a centrally-acting, antimuscarinic agent used as an adjunct in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. It may also be used to treat extrapyramidal reactions, such as dystonia and Parkinsonism, caused by antipsychotics. Symptoms of Parkinson's disease and extrapyramidal reactions arise from decreases in dopaminergic activity which creates an imbalance between dopaminergic and cholinergic activity. Anticholinergic therapy is thought to aid in restoring this balance leading to relief of symptoms. In addition to its anticholinergic effects, benztropine also inhibits the reuptake of dopamine at nerve terminals via the dopamine transporter. Benzotropine also produces antagonistic effects at the histamine H1 receptor [1, 2].Benztropine (BZT) and its analogues inhibit dopamine uptake and bind with moderate to high affinity to the dopamine transporter (DAT). BZT analogues also exhibit varied binding affinities for muscarinic M(1) and histamine H(1) receptors. The BZT analogues showed a wide range of histamine H(1) receptor (K(i)=16-37,600 nM) and DAT (K(i)=8.5-6370 nM) binding affinities [3].
VU 0255035 is a highly selective, competitive and brain penetrant muscarinic M1 receptor antagonist with an IC50 of 130 nM. VU 0255035 reduces pilocarpine-induced seizures in mice. VU0255035 is used to examine the role of the M1 receptor in diverse situations[1].
Diphemanil methylsulfate is a quaternary ammonium anticholinergic. It binds muscarinic acetycholine receptors and thereby decreases secretory excretion of stomach acids as well as saliva and sweat.IC50 value: Target: mAChRDiphemanil Methylsulfate exerts its action by primarily binding the muscarinic M3 receptor. M3 receptors are located in the smooth muscles of the blood vessels, as well as in the lungs. This means they cause vasodilation and bronchoconstriction. They are also in the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), which help in increasing intestinal motility and dilating sphincters. The M3 receptors are also located in many glands which help to stimulate secretion in salivary glands and other glands of the body.
M3 receptor antagonist 1 is a muscarinic M3-receptor antagonist extracted from patent WO 2008012290 A2, formula Ic.
VU0152099 is a potent, selective, CNS-penetrant positive allosteric modulator of M4 mAChR with EC50 of 403 nM; shows no agonist activity but potentiates responses of M(4) to acetylcholine, and is devoid of activity at other mAChR subtypes or at a panel of other GPCRs; reverses amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion in rats.
β2AR agonist /M-receptor antagonist-1 is a potent dual muscarinic antagonist/beta 2 agonist (MABA). β2AR agonist /M-receptor antagonist-1 potently relaxes either Carbachol (HY-B1208)-induced contraction, in the absence (MABA) or presence of Propranolol (M3; HY-B1208), or Histamine (HY-B1204)-induced contraction (β2)[1][2].
CHF-6366 is a potent M3 muscarinic antagonist and β2-adrenergic receptors agonist with pKi values of 10.4 and 11.4, respectively. CHF-6366 is also a weak calcium channel inhibitor (IC50~50 μM). CHF-6366 inhibits bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs. CHF-6366 can be used to research chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)[1].
Isopteropodine is heteroyohimbine-type oxindole alkaloid components of Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC. Isopteropodine acts as positive modulators of muscarinic M1 and 5-HT2 receptors[1].
(Rac)-Fesoterodine-d14 fumarate is a labelled racemic Fesoterodine. Fesoterodine is an orally active, nonsubtype selective, competitive muscarinic receptor (mAChR) antagonist with pKi values of 8.0, 7.7, 7.4, 7.3, 7.5 for M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 receptors, respectively. Fesoterodine is used for the overactive bladder (OAB)[1][2].
Darifenacin-d4 is the deuterium labeled Darifenacin[1]. Darifenacin(UK88525) is a selective M3 muscarinic receptor antagonist with pKi of 8.9. IC50 value: 8.9 (pKi)[2].
AC260584 is an M1 muscarinic receptor allosteric agonist with a pEC50 of 7.6.
Batefenterol (GSK961081;TD-5959) is a novel muscarinic receptor antagonist and β2-adrenoceptor agonist; displays high affinity for hM2, hM3 muscarinic and hβ2-adrenoceptor with Ki values of 1.4, 1.3 and 3.7 nM, respectively.
Oxybutynin is an anticholinergic medication used to relieve urinary and bladder difficulties.Target: mAChROxybutynin is an anticholinergic medication used to relieve urinary and bladder difficulties, including frequent urination and inability to control urination (urge incontinence), by decreasing muscle spasms of the bladder. Oxybutynin competitively antagonizes the M1, M2, and M3 subtypes of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. It also has direct spasmolytic effects on bladder smooth muscle as a calcium antagonist and local anesthetic, but at concentrations far above those used clinically. Oxybutynin is available orally in generic formulation or as the brand-names Ditropan, Lyrinel XL, or Ditrospam, as a transdermal patch under the brand name Oxytrol, and as a topical gel under the brand name Gelnique. Oxybutynin is also a possible treatment of hyperhidrosis (hyper-active sweating) [1-3].
Pilocarpine is a selective M3-type muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3 muscarinic receptor) agonist.
Aprophen (Aprofene) is an antimuscarinic inhibitor. Aprophen can be used for the research of central nervous system[1].
Propantheline bromide is an antimuscarinic agent, used for the treatment of hyperhidrosis, cramps or spasms of the stomach, intestines or bladder, and enuresis.
Brompheniramine ((±)-Brompheniramine) is a potent and orally active antihistamine of the alkylamine class. Brompheniramine is a selective histamine H1 receptor antagonist with a Kd of 6.06 nM. Brompheniramine can block the hERG channels, calcium channels, and sodium channels with IC50s of 0.90 μM, 16.12 μM and 21.26 μM, respectively. Brompheniramine has anticholinergic, antidepressant and anesthetic properties and can be used for allergic rhinitis research[1][2][3][4].
Pirmenol is an orally active antiarrhythmic agent. Pirmenol inhibits IK.ACh (IC50: 0.1 μM) by blocking mAchR. Pirmenol can be used in the research of cardiovascular disease, such as atrial fibrillation[1][2][4].
Diphenidol hydrochloride is a muscarinic antagonist employed as an antiemetic and as an antivertigo agent.
Muscarine ((+)-Muscarine) tosylate is an agonist of prototype mAChR. Muscarine tosylate is a toxin that can stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system[1][2].
Pirenzepine (LS 519 free base) is a selective M1 mAChR (muscarinic acetylcholine receptor) antagonist. Pirenzepine reduces gastric acid secretion and reduces muscle spasm, can be used in peptic ulcers research. Pirenzepine shows anti-proliferative activity to cancer cells[1][2].
Dicyclomine (Dicycloverine) is a potent and orally active muscarinic cholinergic receptors antagonist. Dicyclomine (Dicycloverine) shows high affinity for muscarinic M1 receptor subtype (Ki=5.1 nM) and M2 receptor subtype (Ki=54.6 nM) in brush-border membrane and basal plasma membranes, respectively[1]. Dicyclomine is an antispasmodic agent and relieves smooth muscle spasm of the gastrointestinal tract in vivo[2].
Revefenacin (TD-4208; GSK1160724) is a potent mAChR antagonist; has a high affinity on M3 receptor with a Ki of 0.18 nM
Aceclidine is a modulator of M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Aceclidine is a cycloplegic agent, a surfactant, a tonicity adjustor and optionally a viscosity enhancer and an antioxidant. Aceclidine has the potential for the research of disorders such as refractive errors of the eye, xerostomia, Sjogren's syndrome, glaucoma, conjunctivitis, lacrimal gland disease, and esotropia (extracted from patent US20150290125A1/US20110091459A1)[1][2].
Clozapine N-oxide dihydrochloride is a major metabolite of Clozapine and a human muscarinic designer receptors (DREADDs) agonist. Clozapine N-oxide dihydrochloride specifically activates the DREADD receptor hM3Dq. Clozapine N-oxide dihydrochloride can cross the blood-brain barrier[1][2][3]. Clozapine is a potent dopamine antagonist and also a potent and selective muscarinic M4 receptor (EC50=11 nM) agonist[4][5].