N-Desmethyl Apalutamide is an active metabolite of Apalutamide. N-Desmethyl Apalutamide is a less potent antagonist of the androgen receptor and is responsible for one-third of the activity of Apalutamide. The formation of N-Desmethyl Apalutamide mediated predominantly by CYP2C8 and CYP3A4. N-Desmethyl Apalutamide is moderate to strong CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 inducer and has an excellent plasma-proteins bound concentration[1][2][3].
PKM2-IN-1 is a pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) inhibitor with an IC50 of 2.95 μM.
Hippuryl-L-phenylalanine is a substrate of carboxypeptidase. Carboxypeptidase is a protease enzyme that related with obesity, epilepsy and neurodegeneration. Hippuryl-L-phenylalanine can be used for the determination of carboxypeptidase activity[1][2].
ALDH1A3-IN-3 (compound 16) is a potent inhibitor of ALDH1A3, with an IC50 of 0.26 μM. ALDH1A3-IN-3 is also a good ALDH3A1 substrate. ALDH1A3-IN-3 can be used for the research of prostate cancer[1].
IDO1/2-IN-1 (compound 4t) is the first potent IDO1/IDO2 dual inhibitor with IC50s of 28 nM and 144 nM for IDO1 and IDO2, respectively. IDO1/2-IN-1 exhibits antitumor activies. Orally active[1].
FAAH-IN-8 (compound 11) is a competitive inhibitor of FAAH with an IC50 value of 6.7 nM and a Ki value of 5 nM. FAAH-IN-8 has high blood-brain permeability and a significant antioxidant profile with no neurotoxicity[1].
NSC 663284 is a Cdc25 dual specificity phosphatases inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.21 μM.
Proteasome-IN-1 is a proteasome inhibitor extracted from patent WO 2013142376 A1.
SFLLRNPNDKYEPF is a synthetic thrombin receptor agonist peptide.
Saquinavir mesylate is an HIV Protease Inhibitor used in antiretroviral therapy. IC50 Value:Target: HIV ProteaseSaquinavir is a protease inhibitor. Proteases are enzymes that cleave protein molecules into smaller fragments. HIV protease is vital for both viral replication within the cell and release of mature viral particles from an infected cell. Saquinavir binds to the active site of the viral protease and prevents cleavage of viral polyproteins, preventing maturation of the virus. Saquinavir inhibits both HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases.Studies have also looked at Saquinavir as a possible anti-cancer agent.
Dimethyl-bisphenol A (DMBPA) is a potent HIF-1α inhibitor. Dimethyl-bisphenol A can decrease Vegfa mRNA expression[1].
HM03 is a potent and selective HSPA5 (Heat shock 70kDa protein 5, also known as Bip, Grp78) inhibitor. HM03 has anticancer activity[1].
Isolindleyin, a butyrophenone, is a tyrosinase inhibitor, with a Kd of 54.8 μM for human tyrosinase. Isolindleyin exhibits anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-melanogenic activities[1].
Fidarestat (SNK 860) is an inhibitor of aldose reductase, with IC50s of 26 nM, 33 μM, and 1.8 μM for aldose reductase, AKR1B10 and V301L AKR1B10, respectively; Fidarestat (SNK 860) has the potential to treat diabetic disease.
Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX inhibitor with an IC50 of 30 nM for hCA IX[1]. Diuretic effects[4].
Amastatin hydrochloride is a slow, tight binding, competitive aminopeptidase (AP) inhibitor with Ki values of 0.26 nM, 30 nM, 52 nM for Aeromonas aminopeptidase, cytosolic leucine aminopeptidase, microsomal aminopeptidase[1].
Plantainoside D shows ACE inhibitory activity with IC50 2.17 mM[1]. And plantainoside D is a promising IKK-β inhibitor[2].
FXR/TGR5 agonist 1 has agonist action on FXR and TGR5, and can be used for the treatment of fatty liver disease.
Momordicoside A is isolated from Momordica charantia L. Momordicoside A has the inhibitory effect on protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP1B)[1].
Ganoderic acid Df is a lanostane-type triterpenoid, that can be isolated from the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum. Ganoderic acid Df potently inhibits aldose reductase, with an IC50 of 22.8 ± 0.6 μM[1].
Ethoxzolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor with Ki of 1 nM.
Edoxaban(DU-176) is an oral factor Xa (FXa) inhibitor in clinical development for stroke preventionIC50 Value:Target: factor XaEdoxaban is an oral factor Xa (FXa) inhibitor in clinical development for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation, an elderly population that frequently receives aspirin (ASA) and/or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for concurrent illnesses[1].in vitro: Edoxaban PK was not affected by concomitant low-dose ASA or naproxen, but high-dose ASA increased systemic exposure of edoxaban by approximately 30%. The effects of edoxaban on prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, international normalized ratio, anti-FXa, and intrinsic FXa activity were not influenced by administration with ASA or naproxen. Inhibition of platelet aggregation by high-dose ASA, low-dose ASA, or naproxen was not affected by edoxaban[1].in vivo: Forty-eight subjects, aged 18 to 45 years, received either edoxaban 60 mg once daily × 7 days (n = 24) or digoxin 0.25 mg twice daily × 2 days and once daily × 5 days (n = 24) and then concomitantly for 7 days. Serial blood and urine samples were collected for digoxin and edoxaban concentrations on days 7 and 14. Serial coagulation assays were measured for edoxaban on days 7 and 14. Edoxaban PK parameters demonstrated mild increases in area under the curve and peak concentrations of 9.5% and 15.6%, respectively[2],Clinical trial: Pharmacokinetics, biotransformation, and mass balance of edoxaban, a selective, direct factor Xa inhibitor, in humans was reported[3].
Ecopladib is a sub-micromolar inhibitor of cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α), with IC50s of 0.15 μM and 0.11 μM in the GLU micelle and rat whole blood assays, respectively.
GSK3839919A is a potent and allosteric HIV-1integrase inhibitor[1].
Quinidine Monosulfate is an antiarrhythmic agent. Quinidine Monosulfate is a potent, orally active, selective cytochrome P450db inhibitor. Quinidine Monosulfate is also a K+ channel blocker with an IC50 of 19.9 μM. Quinidine Monosulfate can be used for malaria research[1][2][3].
Benazepril, an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, which is a medication used to treat high blood pressure.Target: angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)Benazepril is a medication used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension), congestive heart failure, and chronic renal failure. Upon cleavage of its ester group by the liver, benazepril is converted into its active form benazeprilat, a non-sulfhydryl angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor [1].Animals were randomly divided into 4 groups: sham STNx group (control), STNx group, morning benazepril group (MB) and evening benazepril group (EB).Benazepril was intragastrically administered at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day at 07:00 and 19:00 in the MB group and EB group respectively for 12 weeks. All the animals were synchronized to the light:dark cycle of 12:12 for 12 weeks. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), 24-h urinary protein excretion and renal function were measured at 11 weeks. Blood samples and kidneys were collected every 4 h throughout a day to detect the expression pattern of renin activity (RA), angiotensin II (AngII) and aldosterone (Ald) by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and the mRNA expression profile of clock genes (bmal1, dbp and per2) by real-time PCR at 12 weeks. Our results showed that no significant differences were noted in the SBP, 24-h urine protein excretion and renal function between the MB and EB groups. There were no significant differences in average Ald and RA content of a day between the MB group and EB group. The expression peak of bmal1 mRNA was phase-delayed by 4 to 8 h, and the diurnal variation of per2 and dbp mRNA diminished in the MB and EB groups compared with the control and STNx groups. It was concluded when the similar SBP reduction, RAAS inhibition and clock gene profile were achieved with optimal dose of benazepril, morning versus evening dosing of benazepril has the same renoprotection effects [2].Clinical indications: Congestive heart failure; End stage renal disease; HypertensionFDA Approved Date: Toxicity: headaches; cough; Anaphylaxis; angioedema; hyperkalemia
HFI-142 is an insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) inhibitor with a ki of 2.01 μM[1].
Telotristat ethyl (LX1606) is a novel, orally-delivered inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase that reduces serotonin production.
Tadalafil is a PDE5 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 1.8 nM.IC50 Value: 1.8±0.4nM [1]Target: PDE 5Tadalafil is marketed in pill form for treating erectile dysfunction(ED) under the name Cialis, and under the name Adcirca for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Tadalafil can elevate the level of cGMP in the corpus cavernosum and effectively improve ED of various causes and degrees.in vitro: Biochemical potencies (affinities) of these compounds for PDE5 determined by IC(50), K(D) (isotherm), K(D) (dissociation rate), and K(D) ((1/2) EC(50)), respectively, were the following: sildenafil (3.7 +/- 1.4, 4.8 +/- 0.80, 3.7 +/- 0.29, and 11.7 +/- 0.70 nM), tadalafil (1.8 +/- 0.40, 2.4 +/- 0.60, 1.9 +/- 0.37, and 2.7 +/- 0.25 nM); and vardenafil (0.091 +/- 0.031, 0.38 +/- 0.07, 0.27 +/- 0.01, and 0.42 +/- 0.10 nM). Thus, absolute potency values were similar for each inhibitor, and relative potencies were vardenafil >> tadalafil > sildenafil [1]. 0.5 ml tadalafil solutions with different concentrations were added (0.2, 0.1, 0.05 and 0.025 μg ml-1, respectively) into semen samples. In both groups, samples treated with 0.2 μg ml-1 tadalafil had significant increase in sperm motility after 2 h incubation [2].in vivo: The Tadalafil-treated group showed enhanced erectile function (intracavernosal pressure/mean arterial pressure) at 0.3, 0.5, 1, 3, and 5 Hz compared with diabetic group values at the respective frequencies (P <.05) that approached control values [3]. oral administration of tadalafil (20 mg) or sildenafil (100 mg) was given. In both groups, computer-assisted semen analysis parameters showed no significant difference. After the administration of tadalafil (2 h) and sildenafil (1 h), there was no significant difference observed in premature acrosome reaction incidence rate [2].Clinical trial: Study the Safety and Effectiveness of Tadalafil in Men With Problems Getting or Maintaining an Erection When Taken Prior to Desiring an Erection. Phase 3
Betrixaban D6 is a deuterium labeled Betrixaban. Betrixaban is a highly potent, selective, and orally efficacious factor Xa (fXa) inhibitor[1].