Acriflavine hydrochloride (Acriflavinium chloride hydrochloride) is a fluorescent acridine dye that can be used to label nucleic acid[1][2]. Acriflavine hydrochloride is an antiseptic. Acriflavine hydrochloride is a potent HIF-1 inhibitor, with antitumor activity. Acriflavine hydrochloride has antimicrobial and antiviral activities[3][4][5]. Acriflavine hydrochloride is a potent papain-like protease (PLpro) inhibitor, which inhibits SARS-CoV-2[6]
Dencichin is a non-protein amino acid originally extracted from Panax notoginseng, and can inhibit HIF-prolyl hydroxylase-2 (PHD-2) activity.
Izilendustat is a potent inhibitor of prolyl hydroxylase which can stabilize hypoxia inducible factor- 1 alpha (HIF- lα) and hypoxia inducible factor-2 (HIF-2). Izilendustat has the potential for researching diseases that relate to the body’s inmmune response like colitis and other inflammatory bowel diseases (extracted from patent WO2011057115A1 and WO2011057121A1)[1][1].
TAT-cyclo-CLLFVY is a selective HIF-1 dimerization inhibitor. TAT-cyclo-CLLFVY blocks protein-protein interaction of recombinant HIF-1α, but not HIF-2α, with HIF-1β (IC50=1.3 μM). TAT-cyclo-CLLFVY inhibits hypoxia-induced HIF-1 activity, and decreases VEGF and CAIX expression in osteosarcoma and breast cancer cells in vitro. TAT-cyclo-CLLFVY also reduces tubularization of hypoxic HUVECs.
1,4-DPCA ethyl ester is the ethyl ester of 1,4-DPCA and can inhibit factor inhibiting HIF (FIH)[1].
Roxadustat (FG-4592) is an oral hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor developed for the treatment of anemia.
OHM1 is a potent HIF1α mimic that binds to CH1 domain of p300/CBP with Kd of 500 nM, reduces the level of HIF1α transcriptional activity under hypoxia to that observed under normoxia at 20 uM in A549 cells; reduces the median tumor volume in murine tumor xenografts, and does not cause measurable changes in animal body weight or other signs of toxicity in tumor-bearing animals.
Zifcasiran is a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) synthesis reducer. Zifcasiran shows antitumor activities and can be used in advanced renal cell carcinoma research[1][2].
Molidustat (BAY 85-3934) is a novel inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PH) with mean IC50 values of 480 nM for PHD1, 280 nM for PHD2, and 450 nM for PHD3.
Hydralazine Hydrochloride is a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.Target: OthersHydralazine (apresoline) is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to treat hypertension by acting as a vasodilator primarily in arteries and arterioles. By relaxing vascular smooth muscle, vasodilators act to decrease peripheral resistance, thereby lowering blood pressure and decreasing afterload. However, this only has a short term effect on blood pressure, as the system will reset to the previous, high blood pressure necessary to maintain pressure in the kidney necessary for natriuresis. The long term effect of antihypertensive drugs comes from their effects on the pressure natriuresis curve. It belongs to the hydrazinophthalazine class of drugs [1]. Hydralazine may reduce blood pressure when compared to placebo in patients with primary hypertension, however this data is based on before and after studies, not RCTs. Furthermore, its effect on clinical outcomes remains uncertain [2].
Zifcasiran sodium is a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) synthesis reducer. Zifcasiran sodium shows antitumor activities and can be used in advanced renal cell carcinoma research[1][2].
Tilorone dihydrochloride is the first recognized synthetic, small molecular weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, used as an antiviral drug.
VCE-004.8, a semi-synthetic multitarget cannabinoquinoid, is a specific PPARγ and CB2 receptor dual agonist with potent anti-inflammatory activity[1]. VCE-004.8 inhibits prolyl-hydroxylases (PHDs) and activates the HIF pathway. VCE-004.8 attenuates adipogenesis and prevents diet-induced obesity[2].
Paeoniflorin is a herbal constituent extracted from the root of Paeonia albiflora Pall.Target: OthersPaeoniflorin (PF) is the principal bioactive component of Radix Paeo- niae alba, which is widely used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease(PD) [1]. Paeoniflorin, a compound found in white peony that inhibited the production of testosterone and promoted the activity of aromatase, which converts testosterone into estrogen [2]. Treatment of cells with paeoniflorin but not glycyrrhizin resulted in enhanced phosphorylation and acquisition of the deoxyribonucleic acid-binding ability of heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1), as well as the formation of characteristic HSF1 granules in the nucleus, suggesting that the induction of HSPs by paeoniflorin is mediated by the activation of HSF1. Also, thermotolerance was induced by treatment with paeoniflorin but not glycyrrhizin. Paeoniflorin had no toxic effect at concentrations as high as 80 microg/ mL (166.4 microM). To our knowledge, this is the first report on the induction of HSPs by herbal medicines [3].
PHD-IN-2 (Compound 91) is a PHD antagonist (IC50: < 5 nM). PHD-IN-2 induces erythropoietin synthesis in HEP3B cells (EC50: <2.5 μM). PHD-IN-2 can be used for research of cardiovascular disorders, metabolic disorders, hematological disorders, pulmonary disorders, kidney disorders, liver disorders, wound healing disorders, and cancer[1].
PT2399 is an inhibitor of HIF2α[1].
SYP-5 is a novel HIF-1 inhibitor, suppresses tumor cells invasion and angiogenesis.
BAY 87-2243 is a highly potent and selective hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) inhibitor.
Acetylarenobufagin is a steroidal hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-I) modulator[1].
Prolyl Hydroxylase inhibitor 1 (Compound 15i) is an orally active hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) inhibitor with an IC50 of 62.23 nM[1]. Antianemia agent[1].
HIF-2α-IN-4 is a potent inhibitor of hypoxia inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α) translation, with an IC50 of 5 μM. HIF-2α-IN-4 decreases both constitutive and hypoxia-induced HIF-2α protein expression. HIF-2α-IN-4 links its 5'UTR iron-responsive element to oxygen sensing[1].
1,4-DPCA, a potent prolyl-4-hydroxylase inhibitor, is a collagen hydroxylation inhibitor in human foreskin fibroblasts with an IC50 of 2.4 µM. 1,4-DPCA inhibits prolyl-4-hydroxylases α isoforms stabilizes HIF-1α protein. 1,4-DPCA also inhibits factor inhibiting HIF (FIH) with an IC50 of 60 μM[1][2].
Ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (Ethyl protocatechuate), an antioxidant, is a prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor found in the testa of peanut seeds. Ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate protects myocardium by activating NO synthase and generating mitochondrial ROS. Ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate induces cell autophagy and apoptosis in ESCC cells. Ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate is a collagen synthesis inhibitor and has a bone protecting-effect[1][2][3][4].
Minocycline is an orally active, potent and BBB-penetrated semi-synthetic tetracycline antibiotic. Minocycline is a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α inhibitor. Minocycline shows anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and glutamate antagonist effects. Minocycline reduces glutamate neurotransmission and shows neuroprotective properties and antidepressant effects. Minocycline inhibits bacterial protein synthesis through binding with the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, resulting in a bacteriostatic effect[1][2][3][4][5][6][7].
HIF1-IN-3 (compound F4) is a potent HIF1 inhibitor with an EC50 value of 0.9 μM. HIF1-IN-3 can be used for researching anticancer[1].
M1002 is a hypoxia-inducible factor-2 (HIF-2) agonist, and can enhance the expression of HIF-2 target genes. M1002 shows synergy with prolyl-hydroxylase domain (PHD) inhibitors[1].
FG-2216 is a potent HIF-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor with IC50 of 3.9 uM for PDH2 enzyme; orally bioavailable and induced significant and reversible Epo induction in vivo.IC50 value: 3.9 uM [1]Target: PDH inhibitorFG-2216 was orally bioavailable and induced significant and reversible Epo induction in vivo (82- to 309-fold at 60 mg/kg). Chronic oral dosing in male rhesus macaques was well tolerated, significantly increased erythropoiesis, and prevented anemia induced by weekly phlebotomy. Furthermore, modest increases in HbF-containing red cells and reticulocytes were demonstrated by flow cytometry, though significant increases in HbF were not demonstrated by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) [2].
TP0463518 is a potent hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) inhibitor with a Ki value of 5.3 nM for human PHD2. TP0463518 also inhibits human PHD1/PHD3 with IC50s of 18 and 63 nM as well as monkey PHD2 with an IC50 value of 22 nM[1].
IOX2 sodium is a specific prolyl hydroxylase-2 (PHD2) inhibitor with IC50 of 22 nM. IOX2 sodium regulates platelet function and arterial thrombosis by upregulating HIF-1α expression and inhibiting ROS production. IOX2 sodium can be used in the study of thrombotic diseases[1][2].
Steppogenin is a potent inhibitor of HIF-1α and DLL4, with IC50 values of 0.56 and 8.46 μM, respectively. Steppogenin can be sued for the research of angiogenic diseases, such as those involving solid tumors[1].