N-p-trans-Coumaroyltyramine is a cinnamoylphenethyl amide isolated from polygonum hyrcanicum, acts as an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor with an an IC50 of 122 μM. N-p-trans-Coumaroyltyramine exhibits anti-trypanosomal activity with an IC50 of 13.3 µM for T. brucei rhodesiense[1][2].
Metrifonate is an irreversible organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches.
Linarin (Buddleoside), isolated from the flower extract of Mentha arvensis, shows selective dose dependent inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase (AChE)[1].
Chlorpyrifos-oxon, an active metabolite of Chlorpyrifos, is a potent phosphorylating agent that potently inhibits AChE. Chlorpyrifos-oxon can induce cross-linking between subunits of tubulin and disrupt microtubule function[1][2][3][4].
BChE/HDAC6-IN-2 (compound 29a) is a dual inhibitor of BChE and HDAC6 with IC50s of 1.8 nM and 71.0 nM, respectively. BChE/HDAC6-IN-2 has prominently neuroprotective effects and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity. BChE/HDAC6-IN-2 is also an effective chelator of metal ion (Fe2+ and Cu2+). BChE/HDAC6-IN-2 inhibits phosphorylation of tau, and exhibits moderate immunomodulatory effect.
Methylene Violet 3RAX is a phenazine dye to stain the mitochondria of cells. Methylene Violet 3RAX can change the molecular structure of DNA, undermine the module of DNA, and induce the generation of the reactive singlet oxygen. Methylene Violet 3RAX shows inhibition for human erythrocyte AChE and human plasma BChE with an Kis of 1.58, 0.51 μM, respectively. Methylene Violet 3RAX has the potential for the research of potential photosensitizers for mitochondrial targeting action in PDT (photodynamic therapy)[1][2].
Paecilomide is a pyridone alkaloid and acetylcholinesterase inhibitor[1].
Itopride-d6 (hydrochloride) is deuterium labeled Itopride (hydrochloride). Itopride hydrochloride (HSR803), a gastroprokinetic Benzamide (HY-Z0283) derivative, is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and dopamine D2 receptor[1][2].
Cyclopenin ((±)-Isocyclopenine) is a racemate[1].
sEH/AChE-IN-3 (compound (−)-15) is a potent and BBB-penetrated dual inhibitor of sEH (soluble epoxide hydrolase) and AChE (acetylcholinesterase), with IC50 values of 0.4 nM (hsEH), 1.94 nM (hAChE), 615 (hBChE, human butyrylcholinesterase), 4.3 nM (msEH), and 2.61 nM (mAChE), respectively[1].
Feralolide is a dihydroisocoumarin isolated from the methanolic extract of aloe vera resin. Feralolide is also a dual inhibitor of AChE and BuChE, with IC50s of 55 μg/mL and 52 μg/mL respectively. Feralolide has antioxidant activity and inhibits 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS). Feralolide could be used in research into cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, potentially restoring and enhancing memory[1].
Isoprocarb is carbamate insecticide that widely used to control rice paddy lice and leafhopper. Isoprocarb is also an AChE inhibitor[1].
BChE-IN-6 (compound 12) is a potent BChE inhibitor, with a Ki of 0.182 μM. BChE-IN-6 shows chelating capacity on Zn2+. BChE-IN-6 can be used for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) research[1].
AChE/hCA I/II-IN-1 (Compound 6) is a potent inhibitor of AChE/Hca with IC50 values of 22.21, 60.79 and 66.64 nM for AChE, Hca Ⅰ and Hca Ⅱ. AChE/hCA I/II-IN-1 can be used for the rsearch for glaucoma, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes[1].
BChE-IN-12 (compound 12) is a potent butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) non-competitive inhibitor with an IC50 value of 2.3 μM. BChE-IN-12 can be isolated from Bletilla striata. BChE-IN-12 can be used for the research of Alzheimer's disease (AD)[1].
Epiberberine is an alkaloid isolated from Coptis chinensis, acts as a potent AChE and BChE inhibitor, and a non-competitive BACE1 inhibitor, with IC50s of 1.07, 6.03 and 8.55 μM, respectively. Epiberberine has antioxidant activity, with peroxynitrite ONOO- scavenging effect (IC50, 16.83 μM), and may protect against Alzheimer disease[1]. Epiberberine inhibits the early stage of differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, downregulates the Raf/MEK1/2/ERK1/2 and AMPKα/Akt pathways[2]. Epiberberine has the potential effect in the research of diabetic disease[3].
Territrem B is an irreversible inhibitor of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. Territrem B is also a fungal meroterpenoid that can be isolated from Aspergillus terreus[1][2].
Isogarcinol (Cambogin) is a potent AChE and BChE inhibitor, with IC50 values of 1.13 and 8.30 μM, respectively. Isogarcinol also shows leishmanicidal activity, with an IC50 of 0.33 μM against L. donovani[1].
Fenitrothion-d6 is the deuterium labeled Fenitrothion[1]. Fenitrothion, one of the most widely used organophosphorus pesticides, is a cholinesterase inhibiting insecticide/acaricid. Fenitrothion is widely used, as a broad-spectrum insecticide, on cotton crops, vegetables crops, fruit crops, and field crops especially paddy. Fenitrothion leads to accumulation of nitrophenols[2][3].
Huperzine A, an active Lycopodium alkaloid extracted from traditional Chinese herb, is a potent, selective and reversible acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor and has been widely used in China for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). IC50 value:Target: AChEHuperzine A exhibited protective effects against d-gal-induced hepatotoxicity and inflamm-aging by inhibiting AChE activity and via the activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. The huperzine A mechanism might be involved in the inhibition of DAMPs-mediated NF-κB nuclear localization and activation. Huperzine A is a potential therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease.
Ethopropazine (Isothazine) hydrochloride is a potent, selective BChE inhibitor and a poor AChE inhibitor. Ethopropazine hydrochloride is a phenothiazine compound with anticholinergic properties. Ethopropazine hydrochloride can be used for the research of Parkinson’s disease[1][2].
Donepezil(E 2020) is a specific and potent AChE inhibitor for bAChE and hAChE with IC50 of 8.12 nM and 11.6 nM, respectively.Target: AChEDonepezil is a specific and potent AChE inhibitor for bAChE and hAChE with IC50 of 8.12 nM and 11.6 nM , respectively [1]. Donepezil inhibits the carbachol-stimulated increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration in human SHSY5Y neuroblastoma cells in a concentration dependent manner, indicating that Donepezil have muscarinic antagonist activity. Intraperitoneal administration of Donepezil in rats produces a dose dependent increase in salivation and tremor, which are overt cholinergic behavioural signs, with an ED50 of 6 μmol/kg. Donepezil is found to be somewhat less potent with a ED50 of 50 μmol/kg following oral administration [2]. A recent study shows that Donepezil can protect human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) against H2O2-induced cell injury. This may be useful as a potential therapy for oxidative stress in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases [3].
Ambenonium (WIN 8077) dichloride tetrahydrate is an orally active and reversible inhibitor of Acetyicholinesterase (AChE) with high affinity. Ambenonium dichloride tetrahydrate inhibits human AChE with an IC50 value of 0.7 nM (hAChE)[1][2].
MR2938 is a potent AChE inhibitor, with an IC50 of 5.04 μM. MR2938 also suppresses NO production obviously (IC50 = 3.29 μM). MR2938 suppresses the neuroinflammation through blocking MAPK/JNK and NF-κB signaling pathways. MR2938 can be used for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) research[1].
PCS1055 dihydrochloride is a potent, selective and competitive muscarinic M4 receptor antagonist with an IC50 of 18.1 nM and a Kd of 5.72 nM. PCS1055 dihydrochloride inhibits radioligand [3H]-NMS binding to the M4 receptor with a Ki of 6.5 nM. PCS1055 dihydrochloride exhibits >100-fold selectivity over M1-, M3-, and M5-receptors and 30-fold selectivity at the M2 receptor. PCS1055 dihydrochloride is also a potent AChE inhibitor with IC50 s of 22 nM and 120 nM for electric eel and human AChE, respectively[1][2].
AChE/BChE-IN-2 (Compound 13b) is a potent inhibitor of AChE/BChE (AChE IC50 = 0.96 ± 0.14 µM, BChE IC50 = 1.23 ± 0.23 µM). AChE/BChE-IN-2 has the potential for the research of AD diseases[1].
Methyl ganoderate A acetonide, a lanostane triterpene, is a natural product that could be isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. Methyl ganoderate A acetonide is a potent AChE inhibitor with an IC50 value of 18.35 μM. Methyl ganoderate A acetonide can be used in research of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)[1].
Itopride hydrochloride is an AChE inhibitor (acetylcholinesterase) and D2DR inhibitor.Target: AChEItopride is a gastroprokinetic benzamide derivative. The IC50 of itopride with AChE (2.04 +/- 0.27 microM) was, however, 100-fold less than that with BuChE, whereas in the case of neostigmine with AChE (11.3 +/- 3.4 nM), it was 10-fold less. The inhibitory effect of itopride on cholinesterase (ChE) activity in guinea pig gastrointestine was much weaker than that on pure AChE. the IC50s of itopride against ChE activities were found to be about 0.5 microM. The IC50 of itopride for electric eel and guinea pig gastrointestinal AChE inhibition was 200 times and 50 times as large as that of neostigmine, respectively [1].
BChE-IN-7 (compound 13) is a potent, selective, BBB-penetrated and reversible AChE and BChE inhibitor, with an IC50 of 0.06 μM (BChE). BChE-IN-7 can protect neuronal-like cells from toxic Aβ-species[1].
Decaffeoylacteoside is an inhibitor of AChE/BChE/LOX with moderate activity[1].