Glycogen is a glycolytic intermediates and high-energy phosphates that can serve as a form of energy storage in humans, animals, fungi, and bacteria.
SBI-477 is a chemical probe stimulated insulin signaling by deactivating the transcription factor MondoA, leading to reduced expression of the insulin pathway suppressors thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) and arrestin domain–containing 4 (ARRDC4). SBI-477 coordinately inhibits triacylglyceride (TAG) synthesis and enhances basal glucose uptake in human skeletal myocytes[1].
3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine is an endogenous metabolite.
Mogroside IV-E, a triterpenoid glycoside isolated from the extracts of Luo Han Guo, is a nonsugar sweetener. Mogrosides are sweeter than sucrose. Mogrosides exhibit antioxidant, antidiabetic and anticancer activities[1].
Glucagon (22-29) is partial agonist of Glucagon (19–29). Glucagon specifically inhibits the Ca2+ pump in liver plasma membranes independently of adenylate cyclase activation[1][2].
Metformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide) inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to activation of AMPK, enhancing insulin sensitivity for type 2 diabetes research. Metformin can cross the blood-brain barrier and triggers autophagy[1].
β-Galactosidase is a glycoside hydrolase that hydrolyzes the β-glycosidic bonds formed between galactose and its organic moieties. In E.coli, the lacZ gene is the structural gene of β-galactosidase, which can be used as part of the induction system lac operon. β-Galactosidase can hydrolyze lactose to form glucose and galactose, and enter glycolysis; it can also catalyze the transgalactosylation of lactose into allolactose; allolactose can be cracked into monosaccharides[1].
CB1-IN-2 (Compound 4g) is a selective CB1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.644 μM. CB1-IN-2 can penetrates BBB and might cause CNS side effect similar with Rimonabant[1].
Insulin(human) is a peptide hormone that regulates the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood and that is produced by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets.
Adipic acid-d8 is the deuterium labeled Adipic acid[1]. Adipic acid is found to be associated with HMG-CoA lyase deficiency, carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency, malonyl-Coa decarboxylase deficiency, and medium Chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, which are inborn errors of metabolism[2].
Ferrous bisglycinate is an orally active iron fortificants and therapeutic iron supplements. Ferrous bisglycinate can be used for the research of iron deficiency anemia[1][2].
HT-2 Toxin-13C22 is 13C-labeled HT-2 Toxin (HY-N6729). HT-2 Toxin is an active, deacetylated metabolite of the T-2 toxin. HT-2 toxin inhibits protein synthesis and cell proliferation in plants[1][2][3].
Valilactone is a potent and effective inhibitor of esterase, produced by actinomycetes[1].
DMHCA, a potent and selective LXR agonist, specifically activates the cholesterol efflux arm of the LXR pathway without stimulating triglyceride synthesis. DMHCA has anti-inflammatory effects and can be used for the research of cholesterol homeostasis diabetes[1].
McN3716 is a carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT-1) inhibitor.
Lobeglitazone sulfate is a new type of thiazolidinedione. Lobeglitazone sulfate can be used to prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)[1].
(Z)-Ligustilide is extracted from Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort, has antimicrobial and antifungal activity, exhibits an average antifungal score of 5.6[1].(Z)-Ligustilide inhibits the expression of FATP5 and DGAT, inhibits fatty acid uptake and esterification in mice and has potential as therapeutics for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) [2].
Atglistatin is a selective adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) inhibitor with IC50 of 0.7 μM for lipolysis in vitro.
Rhein-8-glucoside calcium, an anthraquinone compound, is isolated from the EtOH extract of the roots of Saussurea lappa. Rhein-8-glucoside calcium is an hPTP1B inhibitor, with an IC50 of 11.5 μM. Rhein-8-glucoside calcium has antibacterial effects[1][2].
28-Homobrassinolide is a phytosteroid. 28-Homobrassinolide can be used for the research of cholesterol and glucose homeostasis[1].
PAL-4 (compound 4) is a potent, selective and reversible Lysophospholipase-like 1 (LYPLAL1) activator with EC50 value of 0.39 μM and 0.49 μM for mice LYPLAL1 and huamn LYPLAL1, respectively. PAL-4 can be used for researching metabolic disorders[1].
SA 47 is a selective and potent inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and carbamate[1].
EPAC 5376753 is an allosterically inhibitor of Epac which inhibits Epac1 with an IC50 of 4 µM in Swiss 3T3 cells.
N-(p-Coumaroyl) Serotonin is a polyphenol isolated from the seeds of safflower and has antioxidative, anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. N-(p-Coumaroyl) Serotonin inhibits PDGF-induced on phosphorylation of PDGF receptor and Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum[1]. N-(p-Coumaroyl) Serotonin ameliorates atherosclerosis and distensibility of the aortic wall in vivo and is usually used for the atherosclerosis research[2].
Azamulin is an irreversible, highly selective inhibitior of human CYP3Aa. Azamulin has CYP3A inhibition activity with IC50 values range from 0.03-0.24 μM. Azamulin can be used for the research of metabolism and antiinfection[1].
DS45500853 is an estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist. DS45500853 inhibits the binding between receptor-interacting protein 140 (RIP140) corepressor peptide (10 nM) and GST-ERRα ligand-binding domain (LBD; 1.2 μM) with an >IC50 value of 0.80 μM. DS45500853 can be used for the research of metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)[1].
Dopamine 3-O-sulfate mainly exists in plasma and can be used as a biomarker to characterize aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency[1].
(±)-Eriodictyol ((±)-Huazhongilexone), a flavonoid, is a potent melanogenesis inhibitor with an IC50 of 48 μM. (±)-Eriodictyol suppresses tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2 mRNA expression. (±)-Eriodictyol has strong anti-plasmin activities[1].
1-Methylhistamine dihydrochloride is a histamine metabolite[1].
AP-C2 is a potent guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase II (cGKII) inhibitor with a pIC50 of 5.2[1].