Hydroxycitric acid is a natural antiobesity agent, that can be isolated from the fruits of Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Roxb[1].
Benzylideneacetone is an endogenous metabolite.
TC-G 24 (Compound 24) is a potent, selective glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) inhibitor with an IC50 of 17.1 nM. TC-G 24 can cross the BBB and can be used for studying many diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, stroke, Alzheimer, and other related diseases[1].
(R)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid-13C2 ((R)-(-)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid-13C2) (sodium) is the 13C labeled (R)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid (sodium) (HY-W015851). (R)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid (sodium) is a metabolite converted from acetoacetic acid catalyzed by 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. (R)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid sodium can function as a nutrition source, and as a precursor for vitamins, antibiotics and pheromones[1][2][3].
Lapaquistat acetate (TAK-475) is a squalene synthase inhibitor, blocking the conversion of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to squalene[1]. Lapaquistat acetate (TAK-475) is originally intended use to Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency (MKD), it is effective at lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but it might cause liver damage[2].
STO-609 acetate is a selective and cell-permeable inhibitor of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaM-KK), with Ki values of 80 and 15 ng/mL for recombinant CaM-KKα and CaM-KKβ, respectively. STO-609 acetate inhibits AMP-activated protein kinase kinase (AMPKK) activity in HeLa cell lysates with an IC50 ~0.02 g/ml.
Transfectam is a cationic lipid able to interact with DNA to form complexes that mediate efficient gene transfer into various eukaryotic cells[1].
Arginase is an enzyme of the urea cycle. Arginase catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-arginine to L-ornithine and urea[1].
Dapagliflozin (2S)-1,2-propanediol, hydrate is the S-enantiomer of Dapagliflozin 1,2-propanediol, hydrate. Dapagliflozin inhibits sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), which results in excretion of glucose into the urine.
GSK3987 is a pan LXRα/β agonist with EC50s of 50 nM, 40 nM for LXRα-SRC1 and LXRβ-SRC1, respectively. GSK3987 increases the expression of ABCA1 and SREBP-1c. GSK3987 induces cellular cholesterol efflux and triglyceride accumulation[1].
LY2922470 is a potent, selective and orally available agonist of the G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), with EC50s of 7 nM, 1 nM and 3 nM for human GPR40, mouse GPR40 and rat GPR40, respectively. LY2922470 reduces glucose levels along with significant increases in insulin and GLP-1, is potential for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)[1].
BTRX-335140 (CYM-53093) is a potent and selective, orally active κ opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist, has antagonist activity for κOR, μOR and δOR with IC50 values of 0.8 nM, 110 nM, and 6500 nM, respectively.BTRX-335140 endows with favorable in vitro ADMET and in vivo pharmacokinetic profiles and medication-like duration of action in rats. BTRX-335140 can distribute well into the CNS. ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) [1].
(R)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid-d3 ((R)-(-)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid-d3) sodium is a deuterated labeled (R)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid sodium. (R)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid sodium is a metabolite converted from acetoacetic acid catalyzed by 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. (R)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid sodium can function as a nutrition source, and as a precursor for vitamins, antibiotics and pheromones[1][2].
Foenumoside B is a triterpene saponin isolated from Lysimachia foenum-graecum. Foenumoside B activates AMPK signaling, inhibits PPARγ-induced adipogenesis, and shifts lipid metabolism toward lipolysis. Foenumoside B can be used in the study of obesity and obesity-related metabolic diseases[1].
(-)-Fucose-13C-1 is the 13C labeled (-)-Fucose. (-)-Fucose is classified as a member of the hexoses, plays a role in A and B blood group antigen substructure determination, selectin-mediated leukocyte-endothelial adhesion, and host-microbe interacti[
Vitexin is a c-glycosylated flavone, and is found in various medicinal plants species such as Ficus deltoid and Spirodela polyrhiza. Vitexin has a wide range of pharmacological effects, including anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperalgesic, and neuroprotective effects[1][2].
MK8722 is a potent and systemic pan-AMPK activator.
L-Glutamine is a non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in gastrointestinal disorders.Target: mGluRGlutamine (abbreviated as Gln or Q) is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the standard genetic code. It is not recognized as an essential amino acid, but may become conditionally essential in certain situations, including intensive athletic training or certain gastrointestinal disorders. Its side-chain is an amide formed by replacing the side-chain hydroxyl of glutamic acid with an amine functional group, making it the amide of glutamic acid. Its codons are CAA and CAG. In human blood, glutamine is the most abundant free amino acid, with a concentration of about 500-900 μmol/L. Glutamine is synthesized by the enzyme glutamine synthetase from glutamate and ammonia. The most relevant glutamine-producing tissue is the muscle mass, accounting for about 90% of all glutamine synthesized. Glutamine is also released, in small amounts, by the lung and the brain. Although the liver is capable of relevant glutamine synthesis, its role in glutamine metabolism is more regulatory than producing, since the liver takes up large amounts of glutamine derived from the gut. The most eager consumers of glutamine are the cells of intestines, the kidney cells for the acid-base balance, activated immune cells, and manycancer cells. In respect to the last point mentioned, different glutamine analogues, such as DON, Azaserine or Acivicin, are tested as anticancer drugs.
Maltose phosphorylase is a dimerase which catalyzes the transformation of maltose and inorganic phosphate into β-D-glucose-1-phosphate and glucose. Maltose phosphorylases have been classified in family 65 of the glycoside hydrolases[1].
Thrombin inhibitor 7 is a potent FXIIa inhibitor with IC50 values of 28 nM, >132 µM for FXIIa and FXIa, respectively. Thrombin inhibitor 7 shows low cytotoxicity[1].
Betazole (Ametazole), a pyrazole analogue of histamine, is an orally active H2 receptor agonist. Betazole induces gastric acid secretion, and causes an immediate and significant increase in common bile duct pressure. Betazole has been used as a diagnostic agent known as histalog, for investigating gastric acid secretory capacity[1][2][3].
5-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyuridine (5-OHdU) is a major stable oxidation product of 2'-Deoxycytidine. 5-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyuridine can be incorporated into DNA in vitro by DNA polymerase[1].
Sarsasapogenin is a sapogenin from the Chinese medical herb Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge, with antidiabetic, anti-oxidative, anticancer and anti-inflamatory activities.
Neuraminidase (Exo-α-sialidase) is an exosialidase, is often used in biochemical studies. Neuraminidase cleaves α-ketosidic linkage between the sialic (N-acetylneuraminic) acid and an adjacent sugar residue. Neuraminidase, derived from mucosal pathogens, is a virulence factor that modifies the host's response to infection[1].
Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol is an estrogen receptor agonist that can promote BMP-2-induced osteoblastogenesis. Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol also exerts anti-inflammatory activity through inactivation of NF-κB pathways[1][2].
Potent, allosteric GPR55 antagonist
Lumirubin, a structural isomer of bilirubin, is the main photooxidative product formed during phototherapy for the treatment of neonatal jaundice, and has a certain pro-inflammatory effect[1].
Agathisflavone is a flavonoid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antiparasitic, cytotoxic, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective activities. Agathisflavone can improve tissue repair in a spinal cord injury model in rats[1][2][3].
Disulfamide, an orally active diuretic, is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor with the IC50 value of 0.07 μM. Disulfamide leads to diuresis by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase and preventing the reabsorption of sodium and bicarbonate in the proximal tubule[1].
L-Asparagine-13C4,15N2,d3 monohydrate is the deuterium, 13C-, and 15-labeled L-Asparagine monohydrate. L-Asparagine monohydrate ((-)-Asparagine monohydrate) is a non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue.