3-Deoxyglucosone (3-Deoxy-D-glucosone) is a reactive intermediate of the Maillard reaction and the polyol pathway. 3-Deoxyglucosone rapidly reacts with protein amino groups to form advanced glycation end products (AGEs), such as imidazolone, it is the most specific AGE for 3-DG. 3-Deoxyglucosone synergizes with low glucose to potentiate GLP-1 secretion and is considered as a biomarker for diabetes[1][2][3].
(-)-PX20606 trans isomer is a FXR agonist with EC50s of 18 and 29 nM for FXR in FRET and M1H assay, respectively.
Questinol is a palmitic acid that can be isolated from Talaromyces stipitatus. Questinol has signi?cant anti-obesity activity in zebra?sh larvae[1].
Danshenol B is a diterpenoid. Danshenol B has strong aldose reductase (AR) inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 0.042μM. Danshenol B can be used for the research of diabetic related complication resulted by metabolic abnormality, such as cataracts, retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy[1].
PF-5190457 is a potent and selective ghrelin receptor inverse agonist with a pKi of 8.36.
E6446 is a potent and orally acitve TLR7 and TLR9 antagonist, used in the research of deleterious inflammatory responses.
AMG-1694 is a potent glucokinase–glucokinase regulatory protein (GK-GKRP) disruptors and promotes the dissociation of the GK-GKRP complex with an IC50 of 7 nM, indirectly increasing GK enzymatic activity. AMG-1694 potently reverses the inhibitory effect of GKRP on GK activity and promotes GK translocation. AMG-1694 normalizes blood glucose levels in several rodent models of diabetes and lowes blood glucose restricted to diabetic and not normoglycaemic animals[1].
GSK2033 is a LXR antagonist with pIC50s of 7 and 7.4 for LXRα or LXRβ, respectively.
1,5-Anhydrosorbitol-13C is the 13C labeled 1,5-Anhydrosorbitol. 1,5-Anhydrosorbitol is a short-term marker for glycemic cont[1][2].
FR194738 is a squalene epoxidase inhibitor. FR194738 inhibits squalene epoxidase activity in HepG2 cell homogenates with an IC50 of 9.8 nM.
Cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) diammonium is a STING activator and a global bacterial second messenger, which regulates biofilm formation, motility, and virulence in diverse bacterial species[1][2].
MBX-2982 is a selective, orally-available G protein-coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) agonist.
β-Methylcrotonyl coenzyme A lithium is an intermediate in leucine metabolism and can be used as a substrate to study the specificity and kinetics of β-methylcrotonyl coenzyme A carboxylase (MCCase)[1].
Glucagon hydrochloride (Porcine glucagon hydrochloride) is a peptide hormone, produced by pancreatic α-cells. Glucagon hydrochloride stimulates gluconeogenesis[1]. Glucagon hydrochloride decreases the activity of HNF-4[2]. Glucagon hydrochloride increases HNF4α phosphorylation[3].
Guanylin (mouse, rat), a petide, is composed of 15 amino acids. Guanylin (mouse, rat) is an activator of intestinal guanylate cyclase. Guanylin (mouse, rat) can be used for the research of diarrhea[1].
4-Methyl-1-phenyl-2-pentanone is an endogenous metabolite.
Lovastatin-d3 hydroxy acid (Mevinolinic acid-d3) sodium is the deuterium labeled Lovastatin hydroxy acid sodium. Lovastatin hydroxy acid sodium (Mevinolinic acid sodium) is a highly potent inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase with a Ki of 0.6 nM[1].
Tiglyl carnitine is found to be associated with celiac disease and mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase (T2) deficiency.
(S)-(+)-N-3-Benzylnirvanol is a drug used formetabolic regulation. (S)-(+)-N-3-Benzylnirvanol has the activity of inhibitinghuman P450 enzyme. (S)-(+) -n-3-benzylnirvanol can be used to study druginteractions during drug metabolism [1].
Pioglitazone-d4 (alkyl) (U 72107-d4 (alkyl)) is the deuterium labeled Pioglitazone. Pioglitazone (U 72107) is a potent and selective PPARγ agonist with high affinity binding to the PPARγ ligand-binding domain with EC50 of 0.93 and 0.99 μM for human and mouse PPARγ, respectively[1][2].
DMG-PEG 2000 is used for the preparation of liposome for siRNA delivery with improved transfection efficiency in vitro. DMG-PEG 2000 is also used for the lipid nanoparticle for an oral plasmid DNA delivery approach in vivo through a facile surface modification to improve the mucus permeability and delivery efficiency of the nanoparticles[1].
Ravulizumab (ALXN1210) is a humanized monoclonal antibody that specifically binds with high affinity to the human complement protein C5. Ravulizumab can be used for the research of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, and myasthenia gravis[1].
SAFit1 is a FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP51)-specific inhibitor with a Ki of 4±0.3 nM[1][2].
TCS 401 is a selective inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B).
Lodelaben is a human neutrophil elastase inhibitor with an IC50 and Ki of 0.5 and 1.5 μM, respectively.
Galantide is a reversible and non-specific galanin receptor antagonist.
(S)-2-Hydroxysuccinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid in naturally occurring form, contributes to the pleasantly sour taste of fruits and is used as a food additive.
Amylin (8-37), human is a fragment of human Amylin. Amylin (8-37), human can direct vasodilator effects in the isolated mesenteric resistance artery of the rat. Human Amylin is a small hormone secreted by pancreatic β-cells that forms aggregates under insulin deficiency metabolic conditions, and it constitutes a pathological hallmark of type II diabetes mellitus[1].
(R)-Thalidomide ((R)-(+)-Thalidomide) is the R-enantiomer of Thalidomide. (R)-Thalidomide has sedative properties[1][2].
Ranirestat (AS-3201) is an aldose reductase inhibitor being developed for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy.