3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of many food products, including beer, nuts, peanut, and pulses.
Phosphorylase b is one of the two forms of phosphorylase present in skeletal muscle. The other is Phosphorylase a, which can be transformed into one another. The conversion process requires the addition of divalent metal ions and ATP[1].
3-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one is an endogenous metabolite.
Methyl 3-phenylpropanoate is an endogenous metabolite.
DG051 is a potent leukotriene A4 hydrolase inhibitor of leukotriene B4 biosynthesis in the enzyme assay with an IC50=47 nM.
1,4-Butanediamine is an indicator of pollution-induced stress in higher plants: barley and rape stressed with Cr(III) or Cr(VI). 1,4-Butanediamine is an important source of GABA.
23,24-Dihydroisocucurbitacin D (compound 22) is a cucurbitacin[1].
3,5-Dihydroxyacetophenone is an endogenous metabolite.
Lanifibranor is a pan peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist with EC50s of 1.5, 0.87 and 0.21 μM for human PPARα, PPARσ and PPARγ, respectively.
Dimethyl biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate-d8 is the deuterium labeled Dimethyl biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate[1]. Dimethyl biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate (Biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate) is a hepatoprotectant obtained from Schizandra fructus and may induce a signal transduction similar to that associated with IFN[2].
PPARα-MO-1 is a potent PPARα modulator extracted from patent WO/2004/110982A1, formula I.
Gly-β-MCA, a bile acid, is a potent, sable, intestine-selective and oral bioactive farnesoid X receptor (FXR) inhibitor that may be a candidate for the treatment of metabolic disorders[1].
Atrial natriuretic factor (1-28) (human, porcine) (Atrial natriuretic peptide (1-28)) is an endogenous peptide produced by the heart, involved in blood pressure regulation. Atrial natriuretic factor (1-28) (human, porcine) produces natriuresis, diuresis and vasorelaxation in vivo.
GPR109 receptor agonist-1 (Compound 3a) is a highly selective agonist of the human orphan G-protein-coupled receptor GPR109b, with the pEC50 of 6.4. GPR109 receptor agonist-1 can be used for the research of cardio-metabolic diseases[1].
[Tyr(P)4] Angiotensin II is a peptide that has multiple effects on vascular smooth muscle, including contraction of normal arteries and hypertrophy or hyperplasia of cultured cells or diseased vessels[1].
α-Terpinyl acetate is a monoterpene ester isolated from Laurus nobilis L. essential oil. α-Terpinyl acetate is a competitive P450 2B6 substrate which binding to the active site of P450 2B6 with a Kd value of 5.4 μM[1][2].
LR-90 is an advanced glycation end product (AGE) inhibitor, inhibits inflammatory responses in human monocytes[1]. LR-90 is also used in the research of diabetic animal model[2].
(+)-Penbutolol is a β-adrenoceptor antagonist, with an IC50 of 0.74 μM[1]. (+)-Penbutolol is an optical isomer of l-penbutolol with Na+ channel-blocking action[2].
Cassiaside C (Toralactone 9-O-β-D-gentiobioside) is a naphthopyrone isolated from the seed of Cassia tora and has inhibitory activity on advanced glycation end products (AGE) formation in vitro[1].
Cyanidin 3-arabinoside is a selective and reversible protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 8.91 μM. Cyanidin 3-arabinoside is potential for the research of type 2 diabetes[1].
Formiminoglutamic acid, an endogenous metabolite, could be an index of folic-acid deficiency[1].
Cinchonine ((8R,9S)-Cinchonine) monohydrochloride hydrate is a natural compound which has been effectively used as antimalarial agent. Cinchonine monohydrochloride hydrate activates endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in human liver cancer cells. Cinchonine monohydrochloride hydrate is also an inhibitor of human platelet aggregation. Cinchonine monohydrochloride hydrate possesses a suppressive effect on adipogenesis[1].
Lp-PLA2-IN-11 is a potent inhibitor of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2). Lp-PLA2 previously known as platelet- activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), is a phospholipase A2 enzyme involved in hydrolysis of lipoprotein lipids or phospholipids. Lp-PLA2-IN-11 has the potential for the research of diseases associated with the activity of Lp-PLA2, for example atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease (extracted from patent WO2014114249A1, compound E145)[1].
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH), Free Acid (TRH-OH) is a physiological metabolite of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone.
5-Methyl-7-methoxyisoflavone is a sensational, non-steroidal anabolic isoflavone. 5-Methyl-7-methoxyisoflavone shows potency increasing muscle mass and endurance[1].
Fotagliptin is a Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitor (IC50=2.27 nM). Fotagliptin displays great security in rat and dog. Fotagliptin can be used for Type 2 diabetes mellitus research[1].
Eicosyl ferulate, a phenolic compound, is isolated from the fresh root and stem of Aristolochia kankauensis. Eicosyl ferulate exhibits glucose uptake stimulatory activity[1][2].
2',3'-cGAMP (2'-3'-cyclic GMP-AMP) is a molecule in endogenous cGAMP mammalian cells which contains two distinct phosphodiester linkages, one between 2′-OH of GMP and 5′-phosphate of AMP, and the other between 3′-OH of AMP and 5′-phosphate of GMP. 2',3'-cGAMP is produced in mammalian cells in response to DNA in the cytoplasm and binds to STING with a high affinity and is a potent inducer of interferon-β (IFNβ)[1].
7α-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one is an intermediate in synthesis of bile acids from cholesterol. 7α-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one is a pregnane X receptor (PXR) agonist. 7α-Hydroxy-cholest-4-en-3-one is a biomarker for bile acid loss, irritable bowel syndrome, and other diseases associated with defective bile acid biosynthesis. 7α-Hydroxy-cholest-4-en-3-one is the physiological substrate for CYP8B1[1][2].