A dye is a colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied.

A new approach is presented for analysis of microplastics in environmental samples, based on selective fluorescent staining using Nile Red (NR), followed by density-based extraction and filtration. The dye adsorbs onto plastic surfaces and renders them fluorescent when irradiated with blue light. Fluorescence emission is detected using simple photography through an orange filter. Image-analysis allows fluorescent particles to be identified and counted. Magnified images can be recorded and tiled to cover the whole filter area, allowing particles down to a few micrometres to be detected. The solvatochromic nature of Nile Red also offers the possibility of plastic categorisation based on surface polarity characteristics of identified particles. This article details the development of this staining method and its initial cross-validation by comparison with infrared (IR) microscopy. Microplastics of different sizes could be detected and counted in marine sediment samples. The fluorescence staining identified the same particles as those found by scanning a filter area with IR-microscopy.

Cyanine dyes can be used to quantify the amount of dsDNA within a sample. The linearity of fluorescence, as function of DNA amount of six dyes, is obtained by measuring the fluorescence intensity at the optimal excitation and emission maxima.


Anti-infection >
Arenavirus Bacterial CMV Enterovirus Filovirus Fungal HBV HCV HIV HSV Influenza Virus Parasite Reverse Transcriptase RSV SARS-CoV
Antibody-drug Conjugate >
ADC Cytotoxin ADC Linker Drug-Linker Conjugates for ADC PROTAC-linker Conjugate for PAC
Apoptosis >
Apoptosis Bcl-2 Family c-Myc Caspase DAPK Ferroptosis IAP MDM-2/p53 PKD RIP kinase Survivin Thymidylate Synthase TNF Receptor
Autophagy >
Autophagy LRRK2 ULK Mitophagy
Cell Cycle/DNA Damage >
Antifolate APC ATM/ATR Aurora Kinase Casein Kinase CDK Checkpoint Kinase (Chk) CRISPR/Cas9 Deubiquitinase DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker DNA-PK DNA/RNA Synthesis Eukaryotic Initiation Factor (eIF) G-quadruplex Haspin Kinase HDAC HSP IRE1 Kinesin LIM Kinase (LIMK) Microtubule/Tubulin Mps1 Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog p97 PAK PARP PERK Polo-like Kinase (PLK) PPAR RAD51 ROCK Sirtuin SRPK Telomerase TOPK Topoisomerase Wee1
Cytoskeleton >
Arp2/3 Complex Dynamin Gap Junction Protein Integrin Kinesin Microtubule/Tubulin Mps1 Myosin PAK
Epigenetics >
AMPK Aurora Kinase DNA Methyltransferase Epigenetic Reader Domain HDAC Histone Acetyltransferase Histone Demethylase Histone Methyltransferase JAK MicroRNA PARP PKC Sirtuin Protein Arginine Deiminase
GPCR/G Protein >
5-HT Receptor Adenosine Receptor Adenylate Cyclase Adiponectin Receptor Adrenergic Receptor Angiotensin Receptor Bombesin Receptor Bradykinin Receptor Cannabinoid Receptor CaSR CCR CGRP Receptor Cholecystokinin Receptor CRFR CXCR Dopamine Receptor EBI2/GPR183 Endothelin Receptor GHSR Glucagon Receptor Glucocorticoid Receptor GNRH Receptor GPCR19 GPR109A GPR119 GPR120 GPR139 GPR40 GPR55 GPR84 Guanylate Cyclase Histamine Receptor Imidazoline Receptor Leukotriene Receptor LPL Receptor mAChR MCHR1 (GPR24) Melatonin Receptor mGluR Motilin Receptor Neurokinin Receptor Neuropeptide Y Receptor Neurotensin Receptor Opioid Receptor Orexin Receptor (OX Receptor) Oxytocin Receptor P2Y Receptor Prostaglandin Receptor Protease-Activated Receptor (PAR) Ras RGS Protein Sigma Receptor Somatostatin Receptor TSH Receptor Urotensin Receptor Vasopressin Receptor Melanocortin Receptor
Immunology/Inflammation >
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor CCR Complement System COX CXCR FLAP Histamine Receptor IFNAR Interleukin Related IRAK MyD88 NO Synthase NOD-like Receptor (NLR) PD-1/PD-L1 PGE synthase Salt-inducible Kinase (SIK) SPHK STING Thrombopoietin Receptor Toll-like Receptor (TLR) Arginase
JAK/STAT Signaling >
EGFR JAK Pim STAT
MAPK/ERK Pathway >
ERK JNK KLF MAP3K MAP4K MAPKAPK2 (MK2) MEK Mixed Lineage Kinase MNK p38 MAPK Raf Ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK)
Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel >
ATP Synthase BCRP Calcium Channel CFTR Chloride Channel CRAC Channel CRM1 EAAT2 GABA Receptor GlyT HCN Channel iGluR Monoamine Transporter Monocarboxylate Transporter Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger Na+/HCO3- Cotransporter Na+/K+ ATPase nAChR NKCC P-glycoprotein P2X Receptor Potassium Channel Proton Pump SGLT Sodium Channel TRP Channel URAT1
Metabolic Enzyme/Protease >
15-PGDH 5 alpha Reductase 5-Lipoxygenase Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Acyltransferase Adenosine Deaminase Adenosine Kinase Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) Aldose Reductase Aminopeptidase Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE) ATGL ATP Citrate Lyase Carbonic Anhydrase Carboxypeptidase Cathepsin CETP COMT Cytochrome P450 Dipeptidyl Peptidase Dopamine β-hydroxylase E1/E2/E3 Enzyme Elastase Enolase FAAH FABP Factor Xa Farnesyl Transferase Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) FXR Glucokinase GSNOR Gutathione S-transferase HCV Protease Hexokinase HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase HIV Integrase HIV Protease HMG-CoA Reductase (HMGCR) HSP Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH) Lactate Dehydrogenase LXR MAGL Mineralocorticoid Receptor Mitochondrial Metabolism MMP Nampt NEDD8-activating Enzyme Neprilysin PAI-1 PDHK PGC-1α Phosphatase Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Phospholipase Procollagen C Proteinase Proteasome Pyruvate Kinase RAR/RXR Renin ROR Ser/Thr Protease SGK Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD) Thrombin Tryptophan Hydroxylase Tyrosinase Xanthine Oxidase
Neuronal Signaling >
5-HT Receptor AChE Adenosine Kinase Amyloid-β Beta-secretase CaMK CGRP Receptor COMT Dopamine Receptor Dopamine Transporter FAAH GABA Receptor GlyT iGluR Imidazoline Receptor mAChR Melatonin Receptor Monoamine Oxidase nAChR Neurokinin Receptor Opioid Receptor Serotonin Transporter γ-secretase
NF-κB >
NF-κB IKK Keap1-Nrf2 MALT1
PI3K/Akt/mTOR >
Akt AMPK ATM/ATR DNA-PK GSK-3 MELK mTOR PDK-1 PI3K PI4K PIKfyve PTEN
PROTAC >
PROTAC E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate Ligand for E3 Ligase PROTAC Linker PROTAC-linker Conjugate for PAC
Protein Tyrosine Kinase/RTK >
Ack1 ALK Bcr-Abl BMX Kinase Btk c-Fms c-Kit c-Met/HGFR Discoidin Domain Receptor DYRK EGFR Ephrin Receptor FAK FGFR FLT3 IGF-1R Insulin Receptor IRAK Itk PDGFR PKA Pyk2 ROS Src Syk TAM Receptor Trk Receptor VEGFR
Stem Cell/Wnt >
Casein Kinase ERK Gli GSK-3 Hedgehog Hippo (MST) JAK Notch Oct3/4 PKA Porcupine ROCK sFRP-1 Smo STAT TGF-beta/Smad Wnt YAP β-catenin γ-secretase
TGF-beta/Smad >
TGF-beta/Smad PKC ROCK TGF-β Receptor
Vitamin D Related >
VD/VDR
Others >
Androgen Receptor Aromatase Estrogen Receptor/ERR Progesterone Receptor Thyroid Hormone Receptor Others

Dihydrorhodamine 123

Dihydrorhodamine 123 is a fluorescent probe (λex=488 nm, λem=525 nm).

  • CAS Number: 109244-58-8
  • MF: C21H18N2O3
  • MW: 346.379
  • Catalog: Dye Reagents
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 526.9±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 222.4±26.4 °C

TMRM

TMRM is a cell-permeant cationic lipophilic red fluorescent dye (λex=530 nm, λem=592 nm).

  • CAS Number: 115532-49-5
  • MF: C25H25N2O3
  • MW: 401.48
  • Catalog: Dye Reagents
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Hoechst 33342 trihydrochloride

Hoechst 33342 trihydrochloride is a DNA minor groove binder used fluorochrome for visualizing cellular DNA.

  • CAS Number: 875756-97-1
  • MF: C27H31Cl3N6O
  • MW: 561.93400
  • Catalog: Dye Reagents
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Safflower yellow

Safflower yellow is extracted from the flowers of the plant safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) and as the traditional Chinese medicine it has been extensively used for the treatment of cardio cerebrovascular diseases.

  • CAS Number: 1401-20-3
  • MF: C42H43O22
  • MW: 899.78
  • Catalog: Dye Reagents
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

HOE 32020

HOE 32020 is a Hoechst stain, which is a blue fluorescent dyes used to stain DNA.IC50 Value:These Bis-benzimides were originally developed by Hoechst AG, which numbered all their compounds so that the dye Hoechst 33342 is the 33342nd compound made by the company. There are three related Hoechst stains: Hoechst 33258, Hoechst 33342, and Hoechst 34580. The dyes Hoechst 33258 and Hoechst 33342 are the ones most commonly used and they have similarexcitation/emission spectra. Both dyes are excited by ultraviolet light at around 350 nm, and both emit blue/cyan fluorescent light around anemission maximum at 461 nm. Unbound dye has its maximum fluorescence emission in the 510-540 nm range. Hoechst dyes are soluble in water and in organic solvents such as dimethyl formamide or dimethyl sulfoxide. Concentrations can be achieved of up to 10 mg/mL. Aqueous solutions are stable at 2-6 °C for at least six months when protected from light. For long-term storage the solutions are instead frozen at ≤-20 °C.The dyes bind to the minor groove of double-stranded DNA with a preference for sequences rich in adenine andthymine. Although the dyes can bind to all nucleic acids, AT-rich double-stranded DNA strands enhance fluorescence considerably.Hoechst dyes are cell-permeable and can bind to DNA in live or fixed cells. Therefore, these stains are often called supravital, which means that cells survive a treatment with these compounds. Cells that express specific ATP-binding cassette transporter proteins can also actively transport these stains out of their cytoplasm.

  • CAS Number: 23554-99-6
  • MF: C25H23ClN6
  • MW: 442.94300
  • Catalog: Dye Reagents
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

TMB monosulfate

TMB monosulfate is a chromogenic substrate used in staining procedures in immunohistochemistry as well as being a visualizing reagent used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).

  • CAS Number: 54827-18-8
  • MF: C16H22N2O4S
  • MW: 338.422
  • Catalog: Dye Reagents
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Zy3 carboxylic acid

Zy3 carboxylic acid (Compound 7c) is a novel cyanine dyes with vinylsulfone group for labeling biomolecules with maximum wavelength (λabs) and emission maximum wavelength (λem) of 549 nm and 566 nm, respectively.

  • CAS Number: 146368-13-0
  • MF: C31H38N2O8S2
  • MW: 630.77
  • Catalog: Dye Reagents
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Clofazimine

Clofazimine is a fat-soluble iminophenazine dye, has a marked anti-inflammatory effect, has been used in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat AIDS and Crohn's disease.

  • CAS Number: 2030-63-9
  • MF: C27H22Cl2N4
  • MW: 473.396
  • Catalog: Dye Reagents
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 566.9±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 210-212°
  • Flash Point: 296.7±30.1 °C

5-Carboxyfluorescein diacetate N-succinimidyl ester

CFSE is a fluorescent dye which can track the cell division.

  • CAS Number: 150347-59-4
  • MF: C29H19NO11
  • MW: 557.461
  • Catalog: Dye Reagents
  • Density: 1.6±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 757.9±70.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 152-154ºC(lit.)
  • Flash Point: 412.2±35.7 °C

CY3-YNE

CY3-YNE is a dye for the labeling of soluble proteins, peptides, and oligonucleotides/DNA.

  • CAS Number: 1010386-62-5
  • MF: C34H42N3O7S2
  • MW: 668.84
  • Catalog: Dye Reagents
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

TMB (dihydrochloride)

3,3’,5,5’-Tetramethylbenzidine(TMB) is a chromogenic substrate used in staining procedures in immunohistochemistry as well as being a visualising reagent used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).

  • CAS Number: 64285-73-0
  • MF: C16H22Cl2N2
  • MW: 313.265
  • Catalog: Dye Reagents
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: 368.6ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: ≥300 °C
  • Flash Point: 210.8ºC

D-Lys(Z)-Pro-Arg-pNA

D-Lys(Z)-Pro-Arg-pNA is a luminescent substrate of activated protein C (APC). Sequence: D-Lys(Z)-Pro-Arg-pNA.

  • CAS Number: 108963-69-5
  • MF: C31H43N9O7
  • MW: 653.729
  • Catalog: Peptides
  • Density: 1.4±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Fluorescein

Fluorescein is a synthetic fluorescent tracer.

  • CAS Number: 2321-07-5
  • MF: C20H12O5
  • MW: 332.306
  • Catalog: Dye Reagents
  • Density: 1.6±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 620.8±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 320 °C(lit.)
  • Flash Point: 232.6±25.0 °C

Bromothymol blue

Bromothymol Blue is a pH indicator.

  • CAS Number: 76-59-5
  • MF: C27H28Br2O5S
  • MW: 624.381
  • Catalog: Dye Reagents
  • Density: 1.5±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 614.3±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 204 °C
  • Flash Point: 325.3±31.5 °C

lissamine rhodamine b sulfonyl chloride

Sulforhodamine B acid chloride is a fluorescent protein label forming stable conjugates.

  • CAS Number: 62796-29-6
  • MF: C27H29ClN2O6S2
  • MW: 577.11200
  • Catalog: Dye Reagents
  • Density: 1.1576 (rough estimate)
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Cresyl Violet acetate

Cresyl violet acetate is a red fluorescent stain, which can be used to stain neurons.

  • CAS Number: 10510-54-0
  • MF: C18H15N3O3
  • MW: 321.330
  • Catalog: Dye Reagents
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: 468.3ºC
  • Melting Point: 140-143 °C(lit.)
  • Flash Point: 237ºC

erythrosin B

Erythrosin B is an artificial dye widely used in the food and textile industries. Erythrosin B is also a novel photosensitizer which has been used to develop animal models.

  • CAS Number: 16423-68-0
  • MF: C20H6I4Na2O5
  • MW: 879.856
  • Catalog: Dye Reagents
  • Density: 0.98
  • Boiling Point: 693.2ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: >300ºC (Decomposes)
  • Flash Point: 373ºC

Cyanine 5, SE

Cy5-SE is a reactive dye for the labeling of amino-groups in peptides, proteins, and oligonucleotides. This dye requires small amount of organic co-solvent (such as DMF or DMSO) to be used in labeling reaction. This reagent is ideal for very cost-efficient labeling of soluble proteins, as well as all kinds of peptides and oligonucleotides. This reagent also works well in organic solvents for small molecule labeling.Excitation (nm):649, Emission (nm): 670.

  • CAS Number: 146368-14-1
  • MF: C37H43N3O10S2
  • MW: 753.881
  • Catalog: Dye Reagents
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Tetramethylbenzidine

3,3’,5,5’-Tetramethylbenzidine(TMB) is a chromogenic substrate used in staining procedures in immunohistochemistry as well as being a visualising reagent used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).

  • CAS Number: 54827-17-7
  • MF: C16H20N2
  • MW: 240.343
  • Catalog: Dye Reagents
  • Density: 1.1±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 368.6±37.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 168-171 °C(lit.)
  • Flash Point: 210.8±26.0 °C

Sudan I

Sudan I is an organic compound, typically classified as an azo dye.

  • CAS Number: 842-07-9
  • MF: C16H12N2O
  • MW: 248.279
  • Catalog: Dye Reagents
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 443.7±28.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 131-133 °C
  • Flash Point: 290.2±13.3 °C

NBT

NBT(Nitro BT;p-Nitrotetrazolium blue) is a substrate for dehydrogenases; is used with the alkaline phosphatase substrate 5-Bromo- 4-Chloro-3-Indolyl Phosphate (BCIP) in western blotting and immunohistological staining procedures.

  • CAS Number: 298-83-9
  • MF: C40H30Cl2N10O6
  • MW: 817.636
  • Catalog: Dye Reagents
  • Density: 1.5521 (rough estimate)
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: 200ºC
  • Flash Point: N/A

Rhodamine 6G

Rhodamine 6G is a rhodamine analog useful in Pgp efflux assays. It can be used in characterizing the kinetics of MRP1- mediated efflux, and as a laser dye and potential mitochondrial probe.

  • CAS Number: 989-38-8
  • MF: C28H31ClN2O3
  • MW: 479.010
  • Catalog: Dye Reagents
  • Density: 1.15g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: <200ºC
  • Melting Point: 290 °C
  • Flash Point: 318.6ºC

PNPP

PNPP is a non-proteinaceous chromogenic substrate for alkaline and acid phosphatases used in ELISA and conventional spectrophotometric assays.

  • CAS Number: 4264-83-9
  • MF: C6H4NNa2O6P
  • MW: 219.089
  • Catalog: Dye Reagents
  • Density: 1.7±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 457.8±47.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: >300 °C(lit.)
  • Flash Point: 230.7±29.3 °C

4-Fluoro-7-nitrobenzofurazan

NBD-F is a fluorescent derivatization reagent which is originally developed for amino acid analysis.

  • CAS Number: 29270-56-2
  • MF: C6H2FN3O3
  • MW: 183.097
  • Catalog: Dye Reagents
  • Density: 1.7±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 308.6±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 52-54 °C(lit.)
  • Flash Point: 140.4±28.7 °C

Trypan red

Trypan red is a vital stain.

  • CAS Number: 574-64-1
  • MF: C32H19N6Na5O15S5
  • MW: 1002.80000
  • Catalog: Dye Reagents
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

6-Aminofluorescein

6-Aminofluorescein (6-AF) is a new fluorescence marker.

  • CAS Number: 51649-83-3
  • MF: C20H13NO5
  • MW: 347.321
  • Catalog: Dye Reagents
  • Density: 1.6±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 706.7±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 285 °C (dec.)(lit.)
  • Flash Point: 381.2±32.9 °C

Beryllon II

Beryllon II is a widely used chromogenic reagent that is used to determine many elements, such as Mo, Mg and Co, and also used for the determination of proteins.

  • CAS Number: 51550-25-5
  • MF: C20H10N2Na4O15S4
  • MW: 738.517
  • Catalog: Dye Reagents
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Monochlorobimane

Monochlorobimane is a fluorescent dye (λex=380 nm, λem=470 nm).

  • CAS Number: 76421-73-3
  • MF: C10H11ClN2O2
  • MW: 226.66000
  • Catalog: Dye Reagents
  • Density: 1.4g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 314.9ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 135-136ºC(lit.)
  • Flash Point: 144.2ºC

3,3'-Dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide

3,3'-Dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide is a carbocyanine dye which can be used to monitor changes in mitochondrial membrane potential.

  • CAS Number: 53213-82-4
  • MF: C29H37IN2O2
  • MW: 572.52100
  • Catalog: Dye Reagents
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: 219-221 °C(lit.)
  • Flash Point: N/A

Dansylcadaverine

Dansylcadaverine is a fluorescent probe.

  • CAS Number: 10121-91-2
  • MF: C17H25N3O2S
  • MW: 335.46400
  • Catalog: Dye Reagents
  • Density: 1.19g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 505.5ºC at 760mmHg
  • Melting Point: 137-140ºC
  • Flash Point: 259.5ºC