Salbutamol Hemisulfate is a short-acting β2 adrenergic receptor agonistTarget: β2 Adrenergic ReceptorSalbutamol is a short-acting, selective beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma and COPD. All the effects of R,S-salbutamol on guinea-pig skeletal muscles are due to the activity of the R-enantiomer. Thus there is a common enantiomeric profile for the skeletal muscle and bronchorelaxant activity of the compound [1]. Short-term Salbutamol intake did appear to improve performance during intense submaximal exercise with concomitant increase in substrate availability and utilization, but the exact mechanisms involved need further investigation [2]. Short-term administration of salbutamol increases voluntary muscle strength in man. However, the magnitude and duration of this effect vary between muscle groups. This study implies that the beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists may be of therapeutic potential in altering skeletal muscle function in humans [3].
Phenylephrine-d6 (hydrochloride) is deuterium labeled Phenylephrine (hydrochloride). (R)-(-)-Phenylephrine hydrochloride is a selective α1-adrenoceptor agonist with pKis of 5.86, 4.87 and 4.70 for α1D, α1B and α1A receptors respectively.
Glaucine (O,O-Dimethylisoboldine) is an alkaloid isolated from Glaucium flavum Crantz with antitussive, bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory properties. Glaucine is a selective and orally active phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor with Kis of 3.4 µM in human bronchus and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Glaucine is also a non-selective α-adrenoceptor antagonist, a Ca2+ entry blocker, and a weak dopamine D1 and D2 receptor antagonist. Glaucine has antioxidative and antiviral activities[1][2][3].
Methyl maslinate is a β-adrenergic antagonist. Methyl maslinate is a potent cardiotonic and antidysrhythmic agent. Methyl maslinate has the potential for hypertension research[1].
Formoterol fumarate(Foradil) is a potent, selective and long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonist.IC50 Value: 2.1 nM in pregnant C3H/HeN strain mice[5]Target: β2 receptorBudesonide/formoterol in a single inhaler for both maintenance and reliever therapy is now an established therapeutic option for management of inadequately controlled asthma[4].in vitro:. The long-acting β(2)-agonist formoterol and the glucocorticoid dexamethasone significantly reduced HRV-induced ERK phosphorylation, Fra-1, and MMP-9 expression in BEAS-2B cells[3].in vivo: compared the bronchodilatory effects of inhaled budesonide/formoterol (dose: 200 μg and 12 μg respectively) combination with budesonide (200 μg)/salbutamol (200 μg) administered by metered dose inhaler and spacer in children of 5-15 years with mild acute exacerbation of asthma [Modified Pulmonary Index Score (MPIS) between 6-8] in this double-blind, randomized controlled trial. The primary outcome was FEV1 (% predicted) in the two groups at 1, 5, 15, 30, 60 min after administration of the study drug[1]. Fifteen randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials including COPD patients were evaluated: indacaterol 75 μg once daily (n = 2 studies), indacaterol 150 μg once daily (n = 5), indacaterol 300 μg once daily (n = 4), FOR/BUD 9/160 μg twice daily (n = 2), FOR/BUD 9/320 μg twice daily (n = 2), SAL/FP 50/500 μg twice daily (n = 4), and SAL/FP 50/250 μg twice daily (n = 1)[2].Clinical trial: Effects of Mometasone Furoate/Formoterol Combination Versus Mometasone Furoate Alone in Persistent Asthmatics (Study P04073) . Phage3
5-Methylurapidil isα1A‐adrenoceptor antagonist. 5-Methylurapidil can be used for the research of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and heart failure[1].
Levalbuterol ((R)-Albuterol) hydrochloride is a short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist and the active (R)-enantiomer of Salbutamol. Levalbuterol hydrochloride is a more potent bronchodilator than Salbutamol and has the potential for the treatment of COPD[1].
Bufuralol hydrochloride (Ro 3-4787 hydrochloride) is a potent non-selective, orally active β-adrenoreceptor antagonist with partial agonist activity. Bufuralol hydrochloride is a CYP2D6 probe substrate[1][2].
Celiprolol (REV 5320) is a potent, cardioselective and orally active β1-andrenoceptor r antagonist with partial β2 agonist activity, with Ki values of 0.14-8.3 μM. Celiprolol has antihypertensive and antianginal activity, and can be used for the research of cardiovascular disease such as high blood pressure[1][4].
(Rac)-Nebivolol-d8 ((rac)-R 065824-d8) is a labelled racemic Nebivolol. Nebivolol selectively inhibits β1- adrenergic receptor with IC50 of 0.8 nM[1][2].
Indanidine is an alpha-adrenergic agonist.
Anisodamine hydrochloride is an anticholinergic and α1 adrenergic receptor antagonist. Anisodamine hydrochloride can be used for improving blood flow in circulatory disorders such as septic shock, Anisodamine hydrochloride displays a spectrum of pharmacological effects similar to Atropine (HY-B1205) and Sopolamine (HY-B2065) including inhibition of salivation, gastrointestinal and sweat secretion, gastrointestinal motility, respiratory secretion and urinary bladder contraction in vivo[1].
Detomidine hydrochloride produce dose-dependent sedative and analgesic effects, is a nonnarcotic, synthetic α2-adrenergic agonistTarget: α2-adrenergic agonistDetomidine is an imidazole derivative and α2-adrenergic agonist, used as a large animal sedative, primarily used in horses. It is usually available as the salt detomidine hydrochloride. It is a prescription medication available to veterinarians sold under the trade name Dormosedan. Currently, detomidine is only licenced for use in horses.Detomidine is a sedative with analgesic properties. α2-adrenergic agonists produce dose-dependent sedative and analgesic effects, mediatated by activation of α2 catecholamine receptors, thus inducing a negative feedback response, reducing production of excitatory neurotransmitters. Due to inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system, detomidine also has cardiac and respiratory effects and an antidiuretic action.
Tertatolol is a potent antagonist of beta-adrenoceptor and 5-HT receptor, with unique renal vasodilatatory effects.
Isoetharine (Isoetarine) is an orally active selective agonist of β-adrenergic receptors. Isoetharine is a catechol-like drug and catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) mediates its methylation. Isoetharine can promote the production of cAMP which stimulates the relaxation of smooth muscle cells and can be used as an emphysema, bronchitis and bronchodilator[1][2].
Pargolol hydrochloride is a β adrenergic receptor antagonist.
Tedatioxetine hydrobromide acts as a triple reuptake inhibitor and 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, 5-HT3 and α1A-adrenergic receptor antagonist.
Tizanidine-d4 (hydrochloride) is deuterium labeled Tizanidine (hydrochloride).
Fenspiride Hcl is an α adrenergic and H1 histamine receptor antagonist.IC50 value:Target: Adrenergic receptor; H1 receptorFenspiride hydrochloride is a bronchodilator with anti-inflammatory properties. Fenspiride hydrochloride inhibits mucus secretion and reduces the release of tachykinins at a prejunctional level. Fenspiride hydrochloride also may be an antagonist at α adrenergic and H1 histamine receptors.
2-Methoxyidazoxan monohydrochloride (RX821002 hydrochloride) is a highly selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist with little or no imidazoline antagonist effect. RX 821002 has markedly higher affinity for (guinea-pig) alpha 2D-adrenoceptors (pKd 9.7) than for (rabbit) alpha 2A-adrenoceptors (pKd 8.2)[1][2].
BI-167107 is a high affinity, full agonist that binds to the β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) with a dissociation constant Kd of 84 pM[1].
Nicergoline is an ergot derivative used to treat senile dementia and other disorders with vascular origins.Target: Alpha-1A adrenergic receptorNicergoline acts by inhibiting the postsynaptic alpha(1)-adrenoceptors on vascular smooth muscle. This inhibits the vasoconstrictor effect of circulating and locally released catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine), resulting in peripheral vasodilation. Nicergoline displaced [3H]-prazosin bound to rat forebrain membranes pretreated with chloroethylclonidine (pKi = 9.9 +/- 0.2) at concentrations 60-fold lower than in rat liver membranes (pKi = 8.1 +/- 0.2). Finally, of the nicergoline metabolites studied, lumilysergol acted as a modest alpha 1 antagonist (bromonicotinic acid was devoid of alpha 1 antagonist activity). In conclusion, nicergoline is a potent and selective alpha 1A-adrenoceptor subtype antagonist, an alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtype which is mainly represented in resistance arteries [1].
Centanafadine is dual norepinephrine (NE)/dopamine (DA) transporter inhibitor, also inhibits serotonin transporter, with IC50s of 6 nM, 38 nM and 83 nM for human NE, DA and serotonin transporter , respectively.
Nebivolol hydrochloride selectively inhibits β1- adrenergic receptor with IC50 of 0.8 nM.Target: β1- adrenergic receptorNebivolol reduces cell proliferation of human coronary smooth muscle cells (haCSMCs) and endothelial cells (haECs) in a concentration- and time-dependent maner. Nebivolol treatment for 7 days causes significant reduction in cell growth of haCSMCs with IC50 of 6.1 μM, and inhibits accelerated haCSMC proliferation stimulated by growth factors PDGF-BB, bFGF, and TGFβ with IC50 values of 6.8 μM, 6.4 μM and 7.7 μM, repectively. Nebivolol treatment (10-5 M) of haCSMCs for 48 hours induces a moderate apoptosis of 23% and a decrease from 16% to 5% in the number of cells in S-phase. During Nebivolol incubation, NO formation of HaCEs increases, while endothelin-1 transcription and secretion are suppressed.Administratiion of Nebivolol (initially by iv within 10 minutes of reperfusion and then orally) to rats with myocardial infarction (MI) reduces myocardial apoptosis, which is mediated by regulation of NO . Nebivolol, significantly, prevents left ventricular (LV) pressure changes, reduces total and regional apoptotic cardiomyocytes. Nebivolol treatment lowers mean blood pressure (MBP) in rats with MI slightly, but not significantly.
l-Pindolol ((-)-pindolol) is a reversible, competitive and orally active 5-HT1A/1B antagonist. l-Pindolol is a partial β-adrenoceptor agonist. l-Pindolol can be used for the research of neurological disease[1][2][3].
Timolol is a β-blocker available for both topical and systemic administration. Topical Timolol is primarily used to reduce intraocular pressure with open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Timolol can also be used for the research of infantile hemangiomas, hypertension, myocardial infarction, migraine prophylaxis, and atrial fibrillation.Timolol also has cardioprotective effect[1][2].
Imiloxan is a potent and selective alpha 2B-adrenoceptor antagonist. Imiloxan has the potential for acute kidney injury research[1][2].
LY377604 is a human β3-adrenergic receptor agonist with an EC50 of 2.4 nM and also a β1- and β2-adrenergic receptor antagonist.
Urapidil-d4 hydrochloride is the deuterium labeled Urapidil hydrochloride. Urapidil hydrochloride is an α1-adrenoceptor antagonist and 5-HT1A receptor agonist[1][2].
Ancarolol is a beta-adrenergic blocking agent.