Autocamtide-2-related inhibitory peptide is a highly specific and potent inhibitor of CaMKII with an IC50 of 40 nM.
AZD3839 (free base) is a potent and selective BACE1 inhibitor with IC50 of 23.6 uM, about 14-fold selectivity over BACE2, also a β-secretase enzyme inhibitor.target: BACE1, β-secretase enzyme [1]IC50: 23.6 uM [1]AZD3839 dissolved in 0.33% dimethylsulfoxideIn vitro: AZD3839 and its metabolites M1 and M2 inhibited CYP3A4 in a reversible and an irreversible manner, which could affect not only the metabolism of other CYP3A4 substrates but also the metabolism of AZD3839 itself. [1]In vivo: AZD3839 is dissolved in 0.3 M gluconic acid, adjusted to pH 3. Solutions of 0.75, 2.5, and 7.5 mg/ml are prepared and are administered orally by gavage at 2 ml/kg body weight at 1.5, 5, and 15 mg/kg (study 1) and 15 mg/kg (study 2). [1]AZD3839 effectively reduces the levels of Aβ in brain, CSF, and plasma in several preclinical species. [2]
Scopolamine is a high affinity (nM) muscarinic antagonist. 5-HT3 receptor-responses are reversibly inhibited by Scopolamine with an IC50 of 2.09 μM.
Halopemide is a potent phospholipase D (PLD) inhibitor, with IC50s of 220 and 310 nM for human PLD1 and PLD2, respectively. Halopemid is a dopamine receptors antagonist, and acts a psychotropic agent[1][2].
NAN-190 hydrobromide is a serotonin receptor 5-HT antagonist. NAN-190 is a selective antagonist of 5-HT1A.Target: 5-HT in vitro: NAN-190 is a 5-HT1A antagonist. [3] NAN-190 is a selective antagonist of 5-HT1A. [1]in vivo: NAN-190 (0.5 mg/kg, ip), as a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, is injected concomitantly with the effective dose of fluoxetine. NAN-190 (5-HT1A receptor antagonist) reverses the catalepsy-improving effect of fluoxetine in 6-OHDA lesioned rats. [2]
F-15599 is a highly selective G-protein biased 5-HT1A receptor agonist, with Ki of 3.4 nM.
Dolasetron Mesylate (MDL-73147) is a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist used to treat nausea and vomiting following chemotherapy.
Agomelatine hydrochloride is a antidepressant, which is classified as a norepinephrine-dopamine disinhibitor (NDDI) due to its antagonism of the 5-HT2C receptor. IC50 value: 6.2 (pKi, 5-HT2c); 6.6 (pKi, 5-HT2b)Target: 5-HT 2c receptor Agomelatine hydrochloride is an antidepressant drug. It is classified as a norepinephrine-dopamine disinhibitor (NDDI) due to its antagonism of the 5-HT2C receptor. Activation of 5-HT2C receptors by serotonin inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine release. Antagonism of 5-HT2C results in an enhancement of DA and NE release and activity of frontocortical dopaminergic and adrenergic pathways [1]. A total of 42 rats were divided into 7 groups as each composed of 6 rats: (1) intact, (2) 40 mg/kg agomelatine, (3) 140 mg/kg N-acetylcysteine (NAC), (4) 2 g/kg paracetamol, (5) 2 g/kg paracetamol + 140 mg/kg NAC, (6) 2 g/kg paracetamol + 20 mg/kgagomelatine, and (7) 2 g/kg paracetamol + 40 mg/kg agomelatine groups. Paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity was applied and liver and blood samples were analyzed histopathologically and biochemically. There were statistically significant increases in the activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and 8-iso-prostane, and decreases in the activity of superoxide dismutase and level of glutathione in the group treated with paracetamol. Administration of agomelatine and NAC separately reversed these changes significantly [2].Clinical indications: Depression; Obsessive compulsive disorderFDA Approved Date: October 2011Toxicity: Hyperhidrosis; Abdominal pain; Nausea; Vomiting; Diarrhoea; Constipation; Back pain; Fatigue
SB 258719 is a selective 5-HT7 receptor antagonist with a pKi of 7.5.
Calmodulin antagonist-1 (W-7) is a calmodulin (CaM) antagonist. Calmodulin antagonist-1 inhibits calmodulin-activated Ca2+-phosphodiesterase (PDE) (IC50=28 μM). Calmodulin antagonist-1 also inhibits trypsin-treated Ca2+-PDE (IC50=375 μM) in a competitive fashion with respect to cyclic GMP and the Ki value is 300 μM[1].
U91356 is a dopamine receptor agonist.
Adoxosidic acid is a SERT enhancer can be extracted from N. jatamansi and can be used in antidepressant research[1].
Cevimeline (Evoxac) is a parasympathomimetic and muscarinic agonist, with particular effect on M3 receptors; used in the treatment of dry mouth associated with sjogren's syndrome.IC50 value:Target: M3 receptor
BPDBA is a selective and noncompetitive betaine/GABA transporter (BGT-1) inhibitor with IC50s of 20 μM and 35 μM against human BGT-1 and mouse GAT2, respectively[1].
Meclofenoxate hydrochloride, an ester of dimethylethanolamine (DMAE) and 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (pCPA), has been shown to improve memory, have a mentally stimulating effect, and improve general cognition.IC50 value: Target: nootropicMeclofenoxate, administered in a dose of 50 mg/kg twice daily for 7 days using the maze-training method, increased the number of responses to the conditioned stimulus, when retention tests were made 24 hours and 7 days after training, whereas citicholine, applied in the same way in a dose of 10 mg/kg, shortened the latency of the responses with reinforcement during the training and increased the number of correct responses to the conditioned stimulus in retention tests 7 days after the training [1]. Meclofenoxate appears to increase the consolidation of new information into long-term memory, but does not affect other aspects of remembering [2].
Befetupitant is a high-affinity, nonpeptide, competitive tachykinin 1 receptor (NK1R) antagonist.
Triflupromazine hydrochloride is an antipsychotic medication, which are Dopamine D1/D2 receptor antagonists.
CP-809101 Hcl is a potent and selective 5-HT2C receptor agonist with pEC50 of 9.96/7.19/6.81 for human 5-HT2C/5-HT2B/5-HT2A receptors respectively. IC50 Value: 9.96(pEC50 for 5-HT2C); 7.19(pEC50 for 5-HT2B); 6.81(pEC50 for 5-HT2A)Target: 5-HT2C ReceptorCP-809101 is a potent, functionally selective 5-HT2C agonist that displays approximately 100% efficacy in vitro. The aim of the present studies was to assess the efficacy of a selective 5-HT2C agonist in animal models predictive of antipsychotic-like efficacy and side-effect liability. Similar to currently available antipsychotic drugs, CP-809101 dose-dependently inhibited conditioned avoidance responding (CAR, ED50 = 4.8 mg/kg, sc). CP-809101 antagonized both PCP- and d-amphetamine-induced hyperactivity with ED50 values of 2.4 and 2.9 mg/kg (sc), respectively and also reversed an apomorphine induced-deficit in prepulse inhibition. At doses up to 56 mg/kg, CP-809101 did not produce catalepsy. Thus, the present results demonstrate that the 5-HT2C agonist, CP-809101, has a pharmacological profile similar to that of the atypical antipsychotics with low extrapyramidal symptom liability. CP-809101 was inactive in two animal models of antidepressant-like activity, the forced swim test and learned helplessness.
Nomifensine is a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor, increases the amount of synaptic norepinephrine and dopamine available to receptors by blocking the dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake transporters.
Renzapride (BRL 24924), a substituted benzamide, is a full 5-HT4 receptor agonist with a Ki value of 115 nM. Renzapride (BRL 24924) is also a 5HT2b and 5HT3 receptor antagonist[1]. Renzapride could be used for constipation predominant irritable bowel syndrome (C-IBS) study[2].
Eliprodil(SL-820715) is a non-competitive NR2B-NMDA receptor antagonist(IC50=1 uM), less potent for NR2A- and NR2C-containing receptors(IC50> 100 uM).IC50 value:Target: NR2B-NMDA antagonistHuman N-type Ca2+ channel currents were inhibited by ifenprodil and eliprodil with IC50 values of 50 microM and 10 microM respectively whereas P-type Ca2+ channel currents were inhibited reversibly by ifenprodil and eliprodil with approximate IC50 values of 60 microM and 9 microM respectively. eliprodil (1 microm) produced a moderate reverse rate-dependent prolongation of the action potential duration (7.4+/-1.5, 8.9+/-2.1 and 9.9+/-1.8% at cycle lengths of 300, 1000 and 5000 ms, respectively; n=9).
SUVN-911 is a potent, selective, brain penetrated and orally bioavailable neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine α4β2 receptor antagonist, with a Ki of 1.5 nM. SUVN-911 has antidepressant activity[1].
Idalopirdine (Lu AE58054) is a potent and selective 5-HT6 receptor antagonist with a Ki of 0.83 nM.
Abecarnil (ZK 112119) is a ligand or a partial agonist for benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor. Abecarnil possesses anxiolytic and anticonvulsant properties. Abecarnil can act as a positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptor. Abecarnil inhibits the binding of the BZ [3H]lormetazepam to rat cerebral cortex membranes, with an IC50 of 0.82 nM. Abecarnil can be used for epilepsy research[1][2][3][4].
Sabcomeline (hydrochloride) is a potent and functionally selective muscarinic M1 receptor partial agonist that improve cognition.
Atropine (Tropine tropate) hydrobromide is a competitive muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) antagonist with IC50 values of 0.39 and 0.71 nM for Human mAChR M4 and Chicken mAChR M4, respectively. Atropine hydrobromide inhibits ACh-induced relaxations in human pulmonary veins. Atropine hydrobromide can be used for research of anti-myopia and bradycardia[1][2][3][4].
Clozapine N-oxide (CNO) is a major metabolite of the anti-psychotic drug clozapine. Clozapine N-oxide is a agonist for the chemogenetic Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drug (DREADD) system.
AChE-IN-23 (compound 3h) is an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor with an IC50 value of 48.3 μM[1].
Frovatriptan succinate ((R)-Frovatriptan succinate) is a potent, high affinity, selective and orally active 5-HT1B (pK50 of 8.2) and 5-HT1D receptor agonist. Frovatriptan succinate exhibits >10-fold selectivity for 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D over 5-HT1A, 5-HT1F, and 5-HT7 and >1000-fold selectivity over other 5-HT, dopamine, histamine H1, and α1-adrenoceptor. Frovatriptan succinate has the potential for migraine research[1][2].
Tetrahydropalmatine, an active component isolated from corydalis, acts through inhibition of amygdaloid release of dopamine to inhibit an epileptic attack in rats.