Bromocriptine mesylate is a potent dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist, which binds D2 dopamine receptor with pKi of 8.05±0.2.
L-Hisidine is an essential amino acid for infants. L-Hisidine is an inhibitor of mitochondrial glutamine transport.
p2Ca, an 8-mer peptide, is a ligand that is naturally processed and presented to the Ld-alloreactive T cell clone, 2C.
Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) is a potent vasodilator and activates the prostaglandin E1 (EP) receptor.
Puromycin dihydrochloride is the dihydrochloride salt of puromycin. Puromycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis.
Dermaseptin, a peptide isolated from frog skin, exhibits potent antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi and protozoa.
2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid is a degradation product of cyaniding glycoside from tart cheeries in cell culture.
L-Hexanoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine and is found to be associated with celiac disease.
γ-Glu-Phe is a γ-3 glutamyl dipeptide found in sourdough.
Porphobilinogen could act as a phototoxin, a neurotoxin, and a metabotoxin.
Butyrylcarnitine is a metabolite in plasma, acts as a biomarker to improve the diagnosis and prognosis of heart failure, and is indicative of anomalous lipid and energy metabolism.
Docosapentaenoic acid (22n-3) is a component of phospholipids found in all animal cell membranes.
Phytic acid is a major phosphorus storage compound of most seeds and cereal grains.
Proctolin is an endogenous pentapeptide that acts as an excitatory neuromodulator.
D-Cycloserine is an analog of the amino acid D-alanine.Target: AntibacterialD-Cycloserine selectively potentiated the duration of motor cortical excitability enhancements induced by anodal tDCS. D-Cycloserine alone did not modulate excitability [1]. Participants receiving d-cycloserine in addition to exposure therapy reported significantly less social anxiety compared with patients receiving exposure therapy plus placebo. Controlled effect sizes were in the medium to large range [2]. Chronic D-cycloserine significantly reduced nicotine self-administration selectively in rats with low baseline nicotine use, but was ineffective with the rats with higher levels of baseline nicotine self-administration [3].
Novobiocin Sodium is an antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus.Target: AntibacterialNovobiocin, also known as albamycin or cathomycin, is an aminocoumarin antibiotic that is produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces niveus, which has recently been identified as a subjective synonym for S. spheroides a member of the order Actinobacteria . Other aminocoumarin antibiotics include clorobiocin and coumermycin A1. The molecular basis of action of novobiocin, and other related drugs clorobiocin and coumermycin A1 has been examined. Aminocoumarins are very potent inhibitors of bacterial DNA gyrase and work by targeting the GyrB subunit of the enzyme involved in energy transduction. Novobiocin as well as the other aminocoumarin antibiotics act as competitive inhibitors of the ATPase reaction catalysed by GyrB. The potency of novobiocin is considerably higher than that of the fluoroquinolones that also target DNA gyrase, but at a different site on the enzyme. The GyrA subunit is involved in the DNA nicking and ligation activity [1-4].
N-Benzoyl-(2R,3S)-3-phenylisoserine is a Taxol C-13 Side Chain and crucial for the strong antitumor activity of Taxol[1].
DL-Homocysteine is a weak neurotoxin, and can affect the production of kynurenic acid in the brain.
Timosaponin AIII could inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, with an IC50 of 35.4 μM.
Tetradecanoylcarnitine is a human carnitine involved in β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids.
3-Pyridineacetic acid is a higher homologue of nicotinic acid, a breakdown product of nicotine (and other tobacco alkaloids).
Ceruletide, a biologically active decapeptide isolated from the skin of the Australian frog Hyla caerulea, is a potent cholecystokinetic agent, and acts as a cholecystokinin receptor agonist. Sequence: {pGlu}-Gln-Asp-Tyr(SO3H)-Thr-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2;{pGlu}-QD-Y(SO3H)-TGWMDF-NH2.
Geldanamycin is a Hsp90 inhibitor with antimicrobial activity against many Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria.
NSC 27785 is an organic compound that is both an aldehyde and a carboxylic acid.
4-(1,2-Dihydroxyethyl)benzene-1,2-diol, a normal norepinephrine metabolite, is found to be associated with Menkes syndrome.
Maltotetraose can be used as a substrate for the enzyme-coupled determination of amylase activity in biological fluids.
4-Methylcatechol, a metabolite of p-toluate, is a substrate as well as a suicide inhibitor of Catechol 2,3-Dioxygenase.
N-Isovaleroylglycine is an acyl glycine and could be used as a biomarker for the predispositon for weight gain and obesity.
Venlafaxine is an antidepressant of the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) class.Target: SNRIVenlafaxine is an antidepressant of the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) class. First introduced by Wyeth in 1993, now marketed by Pfizer, it is licensed for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), as a treatment for generalized anxiety disorder, and comorbid indications in certain anxiety disorders with depression. In 2007, venlafaxine was the sixth most commonly prescribed antidepressant on the U.S. retail market, with 17.2 million prescriptions.Venlafaxine is a bicyclic antidepressant, and usually categorized as a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), but it has been referred to as a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI). It works by blocking the transporter "reuptake" proteins for key neurotransmitters affecting mood, thereby leaving more active neurotransmitters in the synapse. The neurotransmitters affected are serotonin and norepinephrine. Additionally, in high doses it weakly inhibits the reuptake of dopamine, with recent evidence showing that the norepinephrine transporter also transports some dopamine as well, since dopamine is inactivated by norepinephrine reuptake in the frontal cortex. The frontal cortex largely lacks dopamine transporters; therefore, venlafaxine can increase dopamine neurotransmission in this part of the brain. Venlafaxine interacts with opioid receptors (mu-, kappa1- kappa3- and delta-opioid receptor subtypes) as well as the alpha2-adrenergic receptor, and was shown to increase pain threshold in mice. When mice were tested with a hotplate analgesia meter (to measure pain), both venlafaxine and mirtazapine induced a dose-dependent, naloxone-reversible antinociceptive effect following intraperitoneal injection. These findings suggest venlafaxine's seemingly superior efficacy in severe depression as narcotics become increasingly used as a measure of last resort for refractory cases.
Maltotriose is a ligosaccharide metabolite found in human urine.