5(S)15(S)-DiHETE is an “activated” intermediate, inhibits platelet aggregation with an IC50 of 1.3 μM. 5(S)15(S)-DiHETE enhances the rate of either LXA4 or LXB4 biosynthesis[1].
Bivalirudin Trifluoroacetate is a synthetic 20 residue peptide which reversibly inhibits thrombin.IC50 Value:Target: thrombinin vitro: Eptifibatide (8 mg/mL) added together with a low (70 ng/mL) concentration of bivalirudin (a direct thrombin inhibitor) effectively (approximately 90%) reduced platelet aggregation induced by thrombin (0.2 U/mL) [1]. In thrombin generation assay (TGA), bivalirudin had no effect on these parameters up to 10 μmol/l [2]. Bivalirudin-facilitated binding of MPO to BAEC resulted also in functional changes in terms of increased NO consumption as well as enhanced MPO-mediated redox modifications [3].in vivo: The use of bivalirudinprevented further increase in antiheparin/PF4 antibody IgG levels in rats [4]. Three animals in the 500-mg/kg/24 h group, and 7 animals in the 2000-mg/kg/24 h group in the toxicokinetic assessment phase of the study were found dead or euthanized in extremis (following blood sampling). Plasma concentrations of bivalirudin appeared to be linear and dose independent [5].Clinical trial: Antithrombotic Effects of Ticagrelor Versus Clopidogrel . Phase 4
HCGRP-(8-37) is a human calcitonin gene-related peptide (hCGRP) fragment and also an antagonist of CGRP receptor. Sequence: Val-Thr-His-Arg-Leu-Ala-Gly-Leu-Leu-Ser-Arg-Ser-Gly-Gly-Val-Val-Lys-Asn-Asn-Phe-Val-Pro-Thr-Asn-Val-Gly-Ser-Lys-Ala-Phe.
Vicenin 2 is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor (IC50=43.83 μM) from the aerial parts of Desmodium styracifolium[1].
Ro 22-3581 (4'-(Imidazol-1-yl) acetophenone) is a selective thromboxane (Tx) synthetase inhibitor[1].
N-2-Cyclohexylethyl-N-methylamine is an amine from A.ridigula Benth for a reduction of monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity[1].
Prazosin is an alpha-adrenergic blocker and is a sympatholytic drug used to treat high blood pressure and anxiety, PTSD, and panic disorder.Target: Adrenergic ReceptorPrazosin, is a sympatholytic drug used to treat high blood pressure and anxiety, PTSD, andpanic disorder. It is an alpha-adrenergic blocker that is specific for the alpha-1 receptors. These receptors are found on vascular smooth muscle, where they are responsible for the vasoconstrictive action of norepinephrine. They are also found throughout the central nervous system. As of 2013, prazosin is off-patent in the US, and the FDA has approved at least one generic manufacturer.In addition to its alpha-blocking activity, prazosin is an antagonist of the MT3 receptor (which is not present in humans), with selectivity for this receptor over the MT1 and MT2 receptors.Prazosin is orally active and has a minimal effect on cardiac function due to its alpha-1 receptor selectivity. However, when prazosin is initially started, heart rate and contractility go up in order to maintain the pre-treatment blood pressures because the body has reached homeostasis at its abnormally high blood pressure. The blood pressure lowering effect becomes apparent when prazosin is taken for longer periods of time. The heart rate and contractility go back down over time and blood pressure decreases.
MONNA is a potent transmembrane protein 16A (TMEM16A,Anoctamin-1) blocker with IC50 of 80 nM. MONNA induces vasorelaxation of rodent resistance arteries in presence or absence of chloride ions[1].
Tyrosine kinase-IN-1 is a multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 4, 20, 4, 2 nM for KDR, Flt-1, FGFR1 and PDGFRα, respectively.
Lotusine (hydroxide) is a pure alkaloid extracted from the green seed embryo of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Lotusine (hydroxide) shows effects on the action potentials in myocardium and slow inward current in cardiac Purkinje fibers[1].
ARC 239 dihydrochloride is a selective α2B/2C adrenoceptor antagonist (pKd values are 5.95, 7.41 and 7.56 at α2A, α2B, and α2C receptors respectively). ARC 239 dihydrochloride binds to CHO cell membranes expressing human recombinant a2A-, a2B- or a2C-adrenoceptor subtypes with pKis of 5.6, 8.4, and 7.08, respectively[1].
Arbutamine hydrochloride is a short-acting, potent and nonselective β-adrenoceptor agonist. Arbutamine hydrochloride stimulates cardiac β1-, tracheal β2-, and adiopocyte β3- adrenergic receptors. Arbutamine hydrochloride provides cardiac stress increases heart rate, cardiac contractility, and systolic blood pressure. Arbutamine hydrochloride can be used for cardiac stress agent [1][2][3].
ML233 is a non-peptide based potent apelin receptor (APJ) agonist (EC50=3.7 μM). ML233 displays >21-fold selective over the closely related angiotensin 1 (AT1) receptor (>79 μM)[1].
20-HETE(20-hydroxy Arachidonic Acid) is a potent vasoconstrictor produced in vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells. It depolarizes VSM by blocking the open-state probability of Ca2+-activated K+-channels.IC50 Value:Target: 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) is a cytochrome P450-derived arachidonic acid metabolite that has been shown to increase smooth muscle contractions and proliferation, stimulate endothelial dysfunction and activation and promote hypertension. in vitro: Addition of 20-HETE to the bath (1-100 nM), reduced the frequency of opening of the large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel recorded using cell-attached patches on VSM [1]. In kidney, 20-HETE induces diuresis by inhibiting Na+-K+-ATPase in proximal tubules and Na+/K+/Cl+ cotransporter in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop [2].in vivo: In Cyp4a14(-/-) mice, which display androgen-driven and 20-HETE-dependent hypertension, treatment with20-HETE antagonist abolished remodeling of renal resistance arteries measured as media thickness (24±1 vs. 15±1μm) and M/L (0.29±0.03 vs. 0.17±0.01) [4]. The transgenic mice had overexpressed hepatic CYP4F2, high hepatic 20-HETE and fasting plasma glucose levels but normal insulin level. The GP activity was increased and the cAMP/PKA-PhK-GP pathway was activated in the transgenic mice compared with wild-type mice [5]. Clinical trial: Mechanisms of Response to Diesel Exhaust in Subjects With Asthma. Phase not specified
Niga-ichigoside F1, an orally active ursane triterpenoid, has antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activities. Niga-ichigoside F1 can prevent high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic steatosis[1].
ICI 199441 is a potent and selective κ-opioid receptor agonist. ICI 199441 can improve heart resistance to ischemia/reperfusion[1].
Valsartan D9 (CGP-48933 D9) is deuterium labeled valsartan. Valsartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist for treatment of high blood pressure and heart failure.
ZP 120C is a potent and partial ORL1 receptor agonist. ZP 120C inhibits electrically induced contraction. ZP 120C can be used in the research of hyponatremia/hypokalemia[1][3].
Flovagatran (TGN 255) is a potent and reversible thrombin inhibitor (Ki: 9 nM). Flovagatran can be used in the research of arterial and venous thrombosis[1].
Methyl gallate is a plant phenolic with antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. Methyl gallate also shows bacterial inhibition activity.
2-TEDC is a potent inhibitor of 5-, 12-, and 15-lipoxygenase with IC50 values of 0.09 μM, 0.013 μM and 0.5 μM, respectively. 2-TEDC can be used for the research of atheroscrelosi[1].
AVE-3085 is a potent endothelial nitric oxide synthase enhancer, used for cardiovascular disease treatment.
2-Methylthio-AMP (2-MeSAMP) is a selective and direct P2Y12 antagonist. 2-Methylthio-AMP is an inhibitor of ADP-dependent platelet aggregation[1][2][3].
Eplerenone is an aldosterone antagonist with an IC50 of 0.36 μM.Target: Mineralocorticoid ReceptorEplerenone is a selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, which has been shown to produce sustained increases in plasma renin and serum aldosterone, consistent with inhibition of the negative regulatory feedback of aldosterone on renin secretion. The resulting increased plasma renin activity and aldosterone circulating levels do not overcome the effects of eplerenone. Eplerenone selectively binds to recombinant human mineralocorticoid receptors relative to its binding to recombinant human glucocorticoid, progesterone and androgen receptors [1]. Benefits of eplerenone therapy over placebo were also observed in several secondary outcomes, including: death from any cause or hospitalization for HF; death from any cause; hospitalization for any reason; or hospitalization for HF [2].
Riociguat is an oral stimulator of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) used in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension.
Isorhamnetin 3-O-galactoside (Cacticin), a flavonoid glycoside isolated from Artemisia capillaris Thunberg, which ameliorates CCl4-induced hepatic damage by enhancing the anti-oxidative defense system and reducing the inflammatory signaling pathways. Isorhamnetin 3-O-galactoside (Cacticin) has antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory activities[1][2][3].
Prepro VIP (81-122), human is a prepro-vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) derived peptide, corresponding to residues 81-122. Peptide histidine valine 42 (PHV-42) has been designated to correspond exactly to Prepro VIP (81-122), which reduces both the force and frequency of spontaneous contractions of isolated rat uterus[1].
CAY 10434 is a potent CYP4A hydroxylase inhibitor. CAY 10434 improves contractile response to angiotensin II with the maximal contractile response (Emax) 6764 mg[1].
Ifetroban is a long-acting thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist, with antiplatelet activity[1].
Myricitrin, isolated from Daebong persimmon peel, is a major antioxidant flavonoid[1].