Quinupramine is an orally active antidepressant. Quinupramine can penetrate into the CNS and affect some of the processes of neurotransmission. The antidepressant activity of quinupramine is associated with the central serotonin system, but not with the β-adrenergic system[1][2].
Timiperone has a strong affinity for cerebral dopamine D2 receptor. Timiperone has antipsychotic activity, and inhibits stereotyped behaviour. Timiperone can be used for research of schizophrenia[1][2][3].
Prucalopride (R093877) is a drug acting as a selective, high affinity 5-HT4 receptor agonist(pKi=8.6/8.1 for 5-HT4a/4b); >150-fold higher affinity for 5-HT4 receptors than for other receptors.IC50 value: 8.6/8.1 for 5-HT4a/4b(pKi)Target: 5-HT4 receptorPrucalopride is a novel enterokinetic compound and is the first representative of the benzofuran class. Receptor binding data have demonstrated prucalopride's high affinity to both investigated 5-HT(4) receptor isoforms, with mean pK(i) estimates of 8.60 and 8.10 for the human 5-HT(4a) and 5-HT(4b) receptor, respectively. From the 50 other binding assays investigated in this study only the human D(4) receptor (pK(i) 5.63), the mouse 5-HT(3) receptor (pK(i) 5.41) and the human sigma(1) (pK(i) 5.43) have shown measurable affinity, resulting in at least 290-fold selectivity for the 5-HT(4) receptor [1].
Lvguidingan is a potent anticonvulsant agent. Lvguidingan also has sedative-hypnotic, tranquilizing, and muscle-relaxing actions. Lvguidingan can be used as antiepileptic agent[1][2].
Eperisone Hydrochloride ((±)-Eperisone hydrochloride) is an antispastic agent used for treatment of diseases characterized by muscle stiffness and pain. It works by relaxing both skeletal muscles and vascularsmooth muscles, thus demonstrating avariety of effects such as reduction ofmyotonia, improvement of circulationand suppression of the pain reflex. Eperisone Hydrochloride ((±)-Eperisone hydrochloride) is a centrally acting muscle relaxant inhibiting the pain reflex pathway, having a vasodilator effect[1][2 [3].
AChE/BChE/BACE-1-IN-2 (Compound 4o) is an orally active inhibitor of AChE, BChE, and BACE-1 with IC50 values of 0.069, 0.127 and 0.097 μM against hAChE, hBChE and hBACE-1, respectively. AChE/BChE/BACE-1-IN-2 shows considerable PAS-AChE binding capability, excellent brain permeation, potential disassembly of Aβ aggregates, and neuroprotective activity against Aβ-induced stress. AChE/BChE/BACE-1-IN-2 has remarkable antioxidant potential[1].
Amyloid β-Protein (3-42) is the precursor of Pyr peptide. Pyroglutamate-modified Aβ (pEAβ) (3-42) is the core of the amyloid template block in Alzheimer's disease. pEAβ(3-42) accelerated the aggregation of Aβ(1-42), while Aβ(1-42) significantly slowed the primary and secondary nucleation of pEAβ(3-42)[1].
Propranolol hydrochloride is a nonselective β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) antagonist with an IC50 of 12 nM.
Brinzolamide (AL-4862) hydrochloride is a selective carbonic anhydrase II inhibitor with anIC50 value of 3.2 nM. Brinzolamide hydrochloride reduces intraocular pressure (IOP) by inhibiting ciliary CA-II and decreasing atrial fluid secretion. Brinzolamide hydrochloride can be used in glaucoma disease research[1][2].
BACE1-IN-13 (Compound 36) is an orally active BACE1 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 2.9 nM. BACE1-IN-13 is highly potent in hAβ42 cell (IC50 = 1.3 nM). BACE1-IN-13 has cardiovascularly safty and elicits sustained Aβ42 reduction in mouse and dog animal models[1].
Piperidine-4-sulfonic acid is a potent GABA agonist with an IC50 of 0.034 μM for the inhibition of the binding of H-GABA[1].
OAB-14, is a Bexarotene (HY-14171) derivative, improves Alzheimer's disease-related pathologies and cognitive impairments by increasing β-amyloid clearance in APP/PS1 mice. OAB-14 effectively ameliorates the dysfunction of the endosomal-autophagic-lysosomal pathway in APP/PS1 transgenic mice[1][2].
Norfluoxetine hydrochloride is an active N-demethylated metabolite of Fluoxetine. Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitor that is metabolized to Norfluoxetine hydrochloride by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4. Norfluoxetine hydrochloride inhibits 5-HT uptake and inhibits CaV3.3 T current (IC50 = 5 μM). Norfluoxetine hydrochloride has anticonvulsant activity[1][2][3][4].
Phrixotoxin 2 is a highly selective KV4.2 and KV4.3-channels blocker[1].
beta-1,4-N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GM2/GD2 synthase) is a key enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of GM3, GD3 and lactosylceramide (LacCer) to GM2, GD2 and asialo-GM2 (GA2), respectively. beta-1,4-N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase is a key enzyme to control the synthesis of brain-enriched complex gangliosides[1].
Nemifitide diTFA (INN 00835 diTFA) is a synthetic pentapeptide antidepressant with a potential for rapid onset of action[1]. Nemifitide diTFA is a peptide analog of melanocyte-inhibiting factor (MIF)[2]. Nemifitide diTFA can cross the blood-brain barrier[3].
Talampanel is a potent and selective AMPA-receptor antagonist, is a potential new antiepileptic drug (AED). Target: AMPA [1]in vitro: Talampanel is a glutamate receptor inhibitor with anti-seizure activity.in vivo： Talampanel reduces motoneuronal calcium in a mouse model of ALS, but its effi cacy declines as the disease progresses, suggesting that medication initiation in the earlier stages of the disease might be more effective. [2]
Astragaloside VI could activate EGFR/ERK signalling pathway to improve wound healing.
L-Epinephrine-d3 is deuterium labeled L-Epinephrine. L-Epinephrine is a hormone secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands. L-Epinephrine is an α-adrenergic and β-adrenergic receptor agonist.
3-Hydroxyphenazepam is an active metabolite of Cinazepam. Cinazepam is a GABAA receptor agonist. 3-Hydroxyphenazepam can inhibit synaptosomal transporter-mediated [3H]GABA uptake[1].
CM-675 is a dual phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) and class I histone deacetylases-selective inhibitor, with IC50 values of 114 nM and 673 nM for PDE5 and HDAC1, respectively. CM-675 has potential to treat Alzheimer’s disease[1].
Gardenin A is an orally active and synthetic PMF analogue with the neurotrophic effect for neurite outgrowth and neuronal differentiation. Gardenin A promotes neuritogenesis via activating MAPK/ERK, PKC, and PKA, but not TrkA, CREB signaling pathways. Gardenin A also has sedative, anxiolytic, antidepressant, and anticonvulsant effects[1][2].
Desvenlafaxine-d6 is deuterium labeled Desvenlafaxine. Desvenlafaxine, the succinate salt form of the isolated major active metabolite of Venlafaxine (HY-B0196), is an orally active and BBB penetrated 5-HT and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, with IC50 values of 47.3 nM and 531.3 nM for hSERT and hNET, respectively. Desvenlafaxine shows weak binding affinity (62% inhibition at 100 μM) at the human dopamine (DA) transporter[1][2].
Linopirdine (DUP-996) is a potent Kv7 (KCNQ) voltage-gated potassium channels blcoker; blocks KV7.1+7.3 (KCNQ2+3) / M-currents (IC50=4-7 uM) and KV7.1 (KCNQ1) homomeric channels (IC50=8.9 uM); inhibits M-type K+ current, increases acetylcholine release in rat hippocampal CA1 neurons; active in vivo. Alzheimer Disease Phase 1 Discontinued
Euxanthone, a xanthone derivative, attenuates Aβ1-42-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis by triggering Autophagy. Euxanthone exhibits anti-neoplastic and neuroprotective activities[1][2][3].
ABX-1431 is a highly potent, selective, and orally available, CNS-penetrant monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitor with an IC50 of 14 nM.
NOT Receptor Modulator 1 is a nuclear receptor NOT modulator extracted from patent WO 2008034974 A1, Example 39 in table1.
CP-96,345 is a specific, highly potent, and orally active tachykinin and substance P receptor non-peptide inhibitor. CP-96,345 prevents the drop in blood pressure evoked by substance P and neurokinin A. CP-96,345 can be used for researching neurogenic inflammation[1].
Risperidone mesylate(R 64 766 mesylate) is a serotonin 5-HT2 receptor blocker(Ki= 0.16 nM) and a potent dopamine D2 receptor antagonist(Ki= 1.4 nM). IC50 Value: 0.16 nM (Ki for 5-HT2 receptor); 1.4 nM (Ki for dopamine D2 receptor ) [1]Target: 5-HT2 receptor; D2 receptorRisperidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug which is mainly used to treat schizophrenia (including adolescent schizophrenia) and schizoaffective disorder. Risperidone has excellent oral activity, a rapid onset, and a 24-h duration of action.in vitro: Risperidone is serotonin 5-HT2 receptor blockade as shown by displacement of radioligand binding (Ki: 0.16 nM), activity on isolated tissues (EC50: 0.5 nM). Risperidone is also a potent dopamine D2 receptor antagonist as indicated by displacement of radioligand binding (Ki: 1.4 nM), activity in isolated striatal slices (IC50: 0.89 nM) [1]. Risperidone increased the production of IL-10 and MDC as well as the proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, but decreased the production of IP-10 and IL-12. Furthermore, the exposure of DCs to risperidone led to lower IFN-γ production by T-cells [2].in vivo: Risperidone has the antagonism of peripherally (ED50: 0.0011 mg/kg) and centrally (ED50: 0.014 mg/kg) acting 5-HT2 receptor agonists in rats and antagonism of peripherally (ED50: 0.0057 mg/kg in dogs) and centrally acting D2 receptor agonists (ED50: 0.056-0.15 mg/kg in rats) [1]. Long-Evans rats received daily subcutaneous injections of vehicle or 1 of 2 doses of risperidone (1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg per day) from postnatal Days 14 to 42. Weight gain during development was slightly yet significantly reduced in risperidone-treatedrats. In the first 2 experiments, early-life risperidone administration was associated with increased locomotor activity at 1 week postadministration through approximately 9 months of age, independent of changes in weight gain [3].Toxicity: The changes in the reproductive system (uterus, ovary, vagina, cervix, and mammary gland) were considered secondary to the prolactin elevation, and the congestion of spleen was related to risperidone [4].