Amezinium metilsulfate has multiple mechanisms, including stimulation of alpha and beta-1 receptors and inhibition ofnoradrenaline and tyramine uptake. Target: alpha and beta-1 receptorsAmezinium metilsulfate is a sympathomimetic drug used for the treatment of low blood pressure. Cardiovascular effects of the new sympathomimetic Amezinium metilsulphate are investigated in 25 patients compared with a control group (n = 25). During spinal/epidural anaesthesia 5 mg amezinium is given i.v. if blood pressure dropped greater than 20 mmHg. from starting-point. A significant recovery of blood pressure (epidural anaesthesia: syst 21%, diast 9%; spinal anaesthesia: syst 13%, diast 6.6%) and a decrease in heart rate (6.8% resp. 4,5%) are thought due to peripheral vasoconstriction. Amezinium proves a stimulating drug for alpha- and beta 1-receptors by stabilising the systemic blood pressure in spinal/epidural anaesthesia.
Xylazine Hydrochloride is α2 class of adrenergic receptor agonist.Target: Adrenergic ReceptorXylazine is a drug that is used for sedation, anesthesia, muscle relaxation, and analgesia in animals such as horses, cattle and other non-human mammals. An analogue of clonidine, it is an agonist at the α2 class of adrenergic receptor. Xylazine has recently emerged as a recreational drug, especially in Puerto Rico [1]. Administration of xylazine (0.17 mg/kg of body weight, diluted to a 10-ml volume, using 0.9% NaCl) induced approximately 2.5 hours of local analgesia without apparent side effects. Higher doses of xylazine caused mild hind limb ataxia. Administration of lidocaine induced a similar duration of analgesia, with severe hind limb ataxia (100% incidence). We concluded that xylazine given by epidural injection results in safe, effective perineal analgesia in horses [2].
Neldazosin is a potent alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist[1].
Piperoxan hydrochloride is an α2 adrenoceptor antagonist.
Betaxolol is a selective beta1 adrenergic receptor blocker used in the treatment of hypertension and glaucoma.Target: Beta1 Adrenergic ReceptorBetaxolol is a cardioselective beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent. Betaxolol (5 mg/kg via i.p. injection) was administered at 24 and then 44 h following the final chronic cocaine administration. Animals treated with betaxolol during cocaine withdrawal exhibited a significant attenuation of anxiety-like behavior characterized by increased time spent in the open arms and increased entries into the open arms compared to animals treated with only saline during cocaine withdrawal. Betaxolol did not produce anxiolytic-like effects in control animals treated chronically with saline [1]. Betaxolol produces less systemic beta 2- and possibly beta 1-adrenergic receptor blockade than either timolol or levobunolol. Betaxolol may be relatively safer to use in patients with reactive airway disease than either timolol or levobunolol [2].
β2AR/M3-receptor agonist-1 (example 9) is a potent β2AR and M3 receptor agonist. β2AR/M3-receptor agonist-1 shows M3 receptor affinity with a pIC50 value of 9.3. β2AR/M3-receptor agonist-1 has the potential for the research of respiratory tract disorders[1].
Solabegron (GW 427353) is a selective β3-adrenergic receptor agonist, stimulating cAMP accumulation in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing the human β3-AR, with an EC50 value of 22 nM[1]. Solabegron (GW 427353) is being developed for the treatment of overactive bladder and irritable bowel syndrome[1].
Atipamezole is a synthetic α2-adrenoceptor antagonist with a Ki of 1.6 nM.
Indoramin D5 is deuterium labeled Indoramin, which is a piperidine antiadrenergic agent.
Propranolol D7 hydrochloride is a deuterium labeled Propranolol hydrochloride. Propranolol hydrochloride is a nonselective β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) antagonist, has high affinity for the β1AR and β2AR with Ki values of 1.8 nM and 0.8 nM, respectively[1]. Propranolol hydrochloride inhibits [3H]-DHA binding to rat brain membrane preparation with an IC50 of 12 nM[2]. Propranolol hydrochloride is used to control hypertension, pheochromocytoma, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy[3].
Isoetharine (Isoetarine) mesylate is an orally active selective agonist of β-adrenergic receptors. Isoetharine mesylate is a catechol-like drug and catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) mediates its methylation. Isoetharine mesylate can promote the production of cAMP which stimulates the relaxation of smooth muscle cells and can be used as an emphysema, bronchitis and bronchodilator[1][2].
Doxazosin mesylate(UK 33274) is a quinazoline-derivative that selectively antagonizes postsynaptic α1-adrenergic receptors.Target: α1-adrenergic receptorDoxazosin (mesylate) is the mesylate salt form of doxazosin, which is a long-lasting inhibitor of α1-adrenoceptors that is widely used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms [1]. doxazosin may have a direct inhibitory effect on cholesterol synthesis independent of the LDL receptor. The inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by doxazosin may cause cells to compensate by upregulating the LDL receptor, thereby increasing the importation of lipoprotein cholesterol and reducing LDL cholesterol in the medium [2]. Doxazosin monotherapy was effective in eight of 12 patients (66.7%), and combined therapy with a beta-blocker was effective in 11 of 12 patients (91.7%). The mean pulse rate remained constant throughout therapy. Adverse reactions were minor and transient and occurred in only three patients. Urinary and plasma catecholamine levels tended to decrease or remained unchanged during doxazosin therapy [3].
(R)-Carvedilol ((R)-BM 14190), the R-enantiomer of Carvedilol, is a non-selective β/α-1 blocker. (R)-Carvedilol exerts protection against the vascular or cardiac toxicity of Doxorubicin (DOX)[1].
Povafonidine (PGE-6201204) is a potent alpha-2 adrenoreceptor agonist. Povafonidine can constrict blood vessels and reduce mucosal congestion. Povafonidine can be used for nasal congestion research[1].
Epanolol-d5 (Visacor-d5) is the deuterium labeled Epanolol. Epanolol (Visacor) is a potent β-adrenoceptor partial agonist with a greater affinity for β1- than β2-adrenoceptors[1][2].
Betaxolol Hydrochloride is a selective beta1 adrenergic receptor blocker used in the treatment of hypertension and glaucoma.Target: Beta1 Adrenergic ReceptorBetaxolol is a cardioselective beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent. Betaxolol (5 mg/kg via i.p. injection) was administered at 24 and then 44 h following the final chronic cocaine administration. Animals treated with betaxolol during cocaine withdrawal exhibited a significant attenuation of anxiety-like behavior characterized by increased time spent in the open arms and increased entries into the open arms compared to animals treated with only saline during cocaine withdrawal. Betaxolol did not produce anxiolytic-like effects in control animals treated chronically with saline [1]. Betaxolol produces less systemic beta 2- and possibly beta 1-adrenergic receptor blockade than either timolol or levobunolol. Betaxolol may be relatively safer to use in patients with reactive airway disease than either timolol or levobunolol [2].
Latrepirdine dihydrochloride is a neuroactive compound with antagonist activity at histaminergic, α-adrenergic, and serotonergic receptors. Latrepirdine stimulates amyloid precursor protein (APP) catabolism and amyloid-β (Aβ) secretion.
Medetomidine Hydrochloride is an agonist of adrenergic alpha-2 receptor, which is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties.Target: Adrenergic alpha-2 ReceptorMedetomidine, acting at alpha(2A) adrenoceptors, must be present during the encoding process to decrease discrete cue fear memory; however, its ability to suppress contextual memory is likely the result of blocking the consolidation process [1]. Medetomidine had no analgesic effects in alpha(2A)-adrenoceptor KO mice [2]. Medetomidine was effective in blocking these sympathomimetic actions of cocaine even in all 7 subjects who were homozygous for the Del322-325 polymorphism in the alpha2C AR, a loss-of-function mutation that is highly enriched in blacks [3].
Fenoterol is a β 2 adrenergic agonist designed to open up the airways to the lungs, is classed as sympathomimetic β2 agonist and asthma medication.
Clorprenaline hydrochloride is a β2-adrenergic receptor agonist.
Nifenalol hydrochloride is a β-adrenergic receptor antagonist. Nifenalol hydrochloride induces the Early Afterdepolarization (EAD) effect. EAD is a phenomenon in cardiac electrophysiology that usually occurs during an action potential in ventricular muscle cells and can lead to arrhythmia. The EAD effect of Nifenalol hydrochloride can be blocked by Tetrodotoxin. Nifenalol hydrochloride is used in the study of conditions such as irregular heartbeat or high blood pressure[1].
Guanadrel is an orally active postganglionic adrenergic inhibitor of spiroketal. Guanadre can be used in anti-hypertensive studies[1].
Ritodrine (DU21220) is a β-adrenergic agonist, also an effective uterine relaxant, can be used for researching arrest premature labor[1][2].
α1 adrenoceptor-MO-1, an S enantiomer, has affinity at alpha 1 adrenergic receptor, shows alphalytic activity, and possesses analgesic action; more active than R enantiomer.
TD-5471 hydrochloride is a potent and selective full agonist of the human β2-adrenoceptor.
(Rac)-ICI-118551 hydrochloride is a selective β2-adrenergic receptor antagonist. (Rac)-ICI-118551 hydrochloride can inhibit dendrite ramification of hippocampal neurons in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease[1].
Phentolamine-d4 (Phentolamine-d4) hydrochloride is the deuterium labeled Phentolamine hydrochloride. Phentolamine hydrochloride is a reversible, non-selective, and orally active blocker of α1 and α2 adrenergic receptor that expands blood vessels to reduce peripheral vascular resistance. Phentolamine hydrochloride can be used for the research of pheochromocytoma-related hypertension, heart failure and erectile dysfunction[1][2][3].
Muscarinic toxin 3 (MT3) is a potent and non-competitive mAChR and adrenoceptors antagonist with pIC50s of 6.71, 8.79, 8.86, 7.57, 8.13, 8.49, <6.5, 7.29 against M1, M4, α1A, α1B, α1D,α2A,α2B and α2C receptors, respectively. Muscarinic toxin 3 displays prominent adrenoceptor activity[1].
Tasipimidine sulfate is an orally active and selective α2A-adrenoceptor agonist with a pEC50 of 7.57 against human α2A-adrenoceptor. Tasipimidine sulfate can be used for situational anxiety and fear research[1].
Falintolol, (Z)-, a new β-adrenergic antagonist, is characterized by the presence of an oxime function.