Dicloromezotiaz is a potent insecticide acting on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Dicloromezotiaz can be used to control a broad range of lepidoptera[1].
Tetrabenazine (Racemate) is a selective and reversible inhibitor of vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT-2).(1) The reference for administration is 0.25-0.75 mg/kg IP(2) Injections of tetrabenazine into accumbens core also reduced FR5 lever pressing and increased chow intake. (3) Tetrabenazine (Racemate) reduced extracellular DA and altered DARPP-32 signaling in both substance-P- and enkephalin-containing accumbens neurons. (4) Tetrabenazine (Racemate) inhibits locomotor activity and produces hypothermia upon systemic administration in rats and mice.
(+)-Borneol (d-Borneol) is a natural bicyclic monoterpene used for analgesia and anesthesia in traditional Chinese medicine; enhances GABA receptor activity with an EC50 of 248 μM.
HSK16149 is a novel ligand of voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) α 2 δ subunit.
HSK0935 is a potent, highly selective and orally available SGLT2 inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.3 nM. Antihyperglycemic activities[1].
Glycine-13C2,15N is the 13C- and 15N-labeled Glycine. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and also acts as a co-agonist along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors.
GABAA receptor agent 6 (compound 2027) is a potent γ-GABAAR antagonist with an Ki of 0.56 µM. GABAA receptor agent 6 shows γ-GABAAR antagonist activity with low cellular membrane permeability[1].
Ilaprazole (IY-81149) sodium hydrate is an orally active proton pump inhibitor. Ilaprazole sodium hydrate irreversibly inhibits H+/K+-ATPase in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 of 6 μM in rabbit parietal cell preparation. Ilaprazole sodium hydrate is used for the research of gastric ulcers. Ilaprazole sodium hydrate is also a potent TOPK (T-lymphokine-activated killer cell-originated protein kinase) inhibitor[1][2].
PNU 37883 hydrochloride (PNU 37883A) is a selective vascular ATP-sensitive potassium (Kir6, KATP) channels blocker. PNU 37883 hydrochloride has diuretic effects with specific binding in kidney and vascular smooth muscle rather than in brain or pancreatic beta cells[1][2].
GZ-793A is an orally active and selective vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT2) inhibitor, with an Ki of 0.029 µM. GZ-793A inhibits the neurochemical effects of methamphetamine (METH)-induced dopamine release. GZ-793A can be used for research of METH addiction[1][2][3].
Rongliflozin (DJT1116PG) is a selective and orally active inhibitor of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2). Rongliflozin can be used for the research of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)[1].
CRAC intermediate 2 is a intermediate compound for CRAC inhibitor synthesis, extracted from patent WO 2013059666A1.
Topiramate (McN 4853) lithium is a broad-spectrum antiepileptic agent. Topiramate lithium is a GluR5 receptor antagonist. Topiramate produces its antiepileptic effects through enhancement of GABAergic activity, inhibition of kainate/AMPA receptors, inhibition of voltage-sensitive sodium and calcium channels, increases in potassium conductance, and inhibition of carbonic anhydrase[1][2][3].
TKIM is a TREK-1 channel inhibitor with an IC50 of 2.96 μM. TKIM binds to the pocket of the intermediate (IM) state of TREK-1[1].
Tenatoprazole (TU-199) is an orally active imidazopyridine-based proton pump inhibitor with a prolonged plasma half-life. Tenatoprazole inhibits hog gastric H+/K+-ATPase activity with an IC50 of 6.2 μM. Tenatoprazole blocks the interaction of ubiquitin with the ESCRT-1 factor Tsg101, inhibits production of several enveloped viruses, including EBV[1][2][3].
ML-SA5 is a potent TRPML1 cation channel agonist that activates the entire endosomal TRPML1 (ML1) current in DMD myocytes with an EC50 of 285 nM and is more potent than ML-SA1. ML-SA5 has anticancer activity and can tumour growth[1].
GDC-6599 (Example 8) is an orally active TRPA1 inhibitor. GDC-6599 can be used to study TRPA1-mediated diseases such as pain[1].
LY393615 (NCC1048) is a novel neuronal Ca2+ (calcium channel) and Na + channel (sodium channel) blocker with IC50s of 1.9 μΜ and 5.2 μΜ for α1A and α1B calcium channel subunits. LY393615 has good brain penetration and neuroprotective effects in models of in cerebral ischemia that can be used for neurological disease research[1].
LUF7244 is a selective allosteric modulator of Kv11.1 channels. LUF7244 inhibits early afterdepolarizations. LUF7244 can be used for anti-arrhythmia research[1].
PAP-1 is a selective inhibitor of Kv1.3, voltage-gated K+ channel. PAP-1 (EC50=2 nM) potently inhibits human T effector memory cell proliferation and delayed hypersensitivity. IC50 value: 2 nM (EC50) [1]in vitro: blocks Kv1.3 in a use-dependent manner, with a Hill coefficient of 2 and an EC50 of 2 nM, by preferentially binding to the C-type inactivated state of the channel. PAP-1 is 23-fold selective over Kv1.5, 33- to 125-fold selective over other Kv1-family channels, and 500- to 7500-fold selective over Kv2.1, Kv3.1, Kv3.2, Kv4.2, HERG, calcium-activated K+ channels, Na+,Ca2+, and Cl- channels [1]. The blockade of Kv1.3 results in membrane depolarization and inhibition of TEM proliferation and function. In this study, the in vitro effects of PAP-1 on T cells and the in vivo toxicity and pharmacokinetics (PK) were examined in rhesus macaques (RM) with the ultimate aim of utilizing PAP-1 to define the role of TEMs in RM infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Electrophysiologic studies on T cells in RM revealed a Kv1.3 expression pattern similar to that in human T cells. Thus, PAP-1 effectively suppressed TEM proliferation in RM [2].in vivo: PAP-1 does not exhibit cytotoxic or phototoxic effects, is negative in the Ames test, and affects cytochrome P450-dependent enzymes only at micromolar concentrations. PAP-1 potently inhibits the proliferation of human TEM cells and suppresses delayed type hypersensitivity, a TEM cell-mediated reaction, in rats [1]. When administered intravenously, PAP-1 showed a half-life of 6.4 hrs; the volume of distribution suggested extensive distribution into extravascular compartments. When orally administered, PAP-1 was efficiently absorbed. Plasma concentrations in RM undergoing a 30-day, chronic dosing study indicated that PAP-1 levels suppressive to TEMs in vitro can be achieved and maintained in vivo at a non-toxic dose [2].
Boeravinone B, a dual inhibitor of NorA bacterial efflux pump of Staphylococcus aureus and human P-Glycoprotein, reduces the biofilm formation and intracellular invasion of bacteria. Boeravinone B act as anti-aging and anti-apoptosis phyto-molecules during oxidative stress[1][2].
AMG8788 is a potent, selective, orally active antagonist of TRPM8 with an IC50 of 63.2 nM[1].
ICA-105574 is a potent and efficacious hERG channel activator. The primary mechanism by which ICA-105574 potentiates hERG channel activity is by removing hERG channel inactivation. ICA-105574 steeply potentiates current amplitudes more than 10-fold with an EC50 value of 0.5 +/- 0.1 μM and a Hill slope (n(H)) of 3.3 +/- 0.2[1].
JNJ-55511118 (JNJ55511118) is a selective, orally available AMPA receptor containing TARP-γ8 negative modulator with Ki of 26 nM, displays no significant activity against other TARP-less AMPARs and AMPARs coexpressed with other TARPs or CNIH2; demonstrates excellent pharmacokinetic properties and achieves high receptor occupancy following oral administration, exhibits a strong reduction in certain bands on electroencephalogram, transient hyperlocomotion, no motor impairment on rotarod, and a mild impairment in learning and memory in vivo.
6-methylflavone is an activator of α1β2γ2L and α1β2 GABAA receptors.
Lamotrigine(BW430C) is a novel anticonvulsant drug for inhibition of 5-HT and sodium channelTarget: Sodium ChannelLamotrigine stabilises presynaptic neuronal membranes by blockade of voltage-dependent sodium channels, thus preventing the release of excitatory neurotransmitters, particularly glutamate and aspartate [1]. In rat cerebral cortex tissue incubated with veratrine 10 mg/L, lamotrigine is twice as potent in inhibiting the release of glutamate and aspartate (ED 50 = 5.38 mg/L for each) than the release of GABA (ED50 = 11.2 mg/L), and is much less potent in inhibiting acetylcholine release (ED50 = 25.6 mg/L) when cortical slices is exposed to veratrine 75 mg/L. Basal glutamate release is unaffected [2]. Lamotrigine inhibits high-frequency sustained repetitive firing of sodium-dependent action potentials, indicating a direct effect on voltage-activated sodium channels [3]. Lamotrigine (Lamictal), a phenyltriazine derivative, is a well established anticonvulsant agent that has shown efficacy in the prevention of mood episodes in adult patients with bipolar I disorder. lamotrigine significantly delayed time to intervention for a depressive episode and showed limited efficacy in delaying time to intervention for a manic/hypomanic episode, compared with placebo. Lamotrigine is generally well tolerated [4].
KPT-276, analog of KPT-185, is an orally bioavailable selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE) that irreversibly bind to CRM1 and block the function of CRM1.IC50 value:Target: CRM1in vitro: A selective inhibitor of nuclear export compound KPT-276 specifically and irreversibly inhibits the nuclear export function of XPO1. The viability of 12 HMCLs treated with KTP-276 was significantly reduced. KPT-276 also actively induced apoptosis in primary MM patient samples. In gene expression analyses, two genes of probable relevance were dysregulated by KPT-276: cell division cycle 25 homolog A (CDC25A) and bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4), both of which are associated with c-MYC pathway [1]. Inhibition of CRM1 by two novel selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE), KPT-185 and KPT-276, in MCL cells resulted in significant growth inhibition and apoptosis induction. KPT-185 also induced CRM1 accumulation in the nucleus, resulting in CRM1 degradation by the proteasome [3].in vivo: One week after leukemic cell inoculation, the mice were given KPT-276 at 150 mg/kg via oral gavage, 3 times a week, or vehicle control. KPT-276 has the identical CRM1 binding warhead and specificity as KPT-185, similar biologic activity in vitro, but superior oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics, which allow it to be used in vivo. Mice were monitored for survival. Some mice were killed at day 21 to assess the effects of KPT-276 on leukemia burden by measuring spleen weight and white blood cell count [2]. Oral administration of KPT-276 significantly suppressed tumor growth in an MCL-bearing severe combined immunodeficient mouse model, without severe toxicity [3].
p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde-d5 is the deuterium labeled p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde[1]. p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a one of the major components in vanilla aroma, with antagonistic effect on GABAA receptor of the α1β2γ2S subtype at high concentrations[2].
Diltiazem hydrochloride is a Ca2+ influx inhibitor (slow channel blocker or calcium antagonist).
Efonidipine Hcl (NZ-105) is a dual T-type and L-type calcium channel blocker (CCB).IC50 value: Target: calcium channel blockerin vitro: Efonidipine and nifedipine, but not other examined CCBs, also increased the N(6), 2'-O-dibutyryladenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (dbcAMP)-induced StAR mRNA, which reflects the action of adrenocorticotropic hormone, and efonidipine and R(-)-efonidipine enhanced the dbcAMP-induced DHEA-S production in NCI-H295R adrenocortical carcinoma cells [1]. I(Ca(T)) was blocked mainly by a tonic manner by nifedipine, by a use-dependent manner by mibefradil, and by a combination of both manners by efonidipine. IC50s of these Ca2+ channel antagonists to I(Ca(T)) and L-type Ca2+ channel current (I(Ca(L))) were 1.2 micromol/l and 0.14 nmol/l for nifedipine; 0.87 and 1.4 micromol/l for mibefradil, and 0.35 micromol/l and 1.8 nmol/l for efonidipine, respectively [4].in vivo: Twenty hypertensive patients on chronic hemodialysis were given efonidipine 20-60 mg twice daily and amlodipine 2.5-7.5 mg once daily for 12 weeks each in a random crossover manner. The average blood pressure was comparable between the efonidipine and amlodipine periods (151 + or - 15/77 + or - 8 versus 153 + or - 15/76 + or - 8 mmHg). The pulse rate did not change significantly during the administration periods [2]. In the UM-X7.1 group, EFO treatment significantly attenuated the decrease of LVEF without affecting blood pressure compared with the vehicle group. EFO treatment decreased heart rate (by approximately 10%) in both groups [3].