Zatonacaftor is a modulator of cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) protein. Zatonacaftor can be used for research of cystic fibrosis[1][2].
GV-196771A is the sodium salt form of GV196771, is an NMDA receptor antagonist.
Ethacrynic acid D5 is a deuterium labeled Ethacrynic acid. Ethacrynic acid is a diuretic. Ethacrynic acid is an inhibitor of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). Ethacrynic acid is a potent inhibitor of NF-kB-signaling pathway, and also modulates leukotriene formation. Ethacrynic acid also inhibits L-type voltage-dependent and store-operated calcium channel, leading to relaxation of airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells. Ethacrynic acid has anti-inflammatory properties that reduces the retinoid-induced ear edema in mice[1][2][3][4].
BDS-I known as blood depressing substance, is a marine toxin which can be extracted from Anemonia sulcata. BDS-I is a specific inhibitor of Potassium Channel, targeting to Kv3.4. BDS-I inhibits Aβ1-42-induced enhancement of KV3.4 activity, caspase-3 activation, and abnormal nuclear morphology of NGF-differentiated PC-12 cells. BDS-I reverts the Aβ peptide-induced cell death[1].
Taurolithocholic acid-d4 is deuterium labeled Taurolithocholic acid.
VU 0240551 is a small molecule inhibitor of the neuronal K-Cl cotransporter, KCC2 (IC50 = 560 nM for K+ uptake assay in KCC2-overexpressing cells).IC50 value: 560 nM [1]Target: K-Cl cotransporter(KCC2)VU 0240551 exhibits selectivity over the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter, NKCCl. VU 0240551 also inhibits hERG and L-type Ca2+ channels [1]. Herein we report the discovery and SAR of an improved novel antagonist (VU0463271) of the neuronal-specific potassium-chloride cotransporter 2 (KCC2), with an IC(50) of 61 nM and >100-fold selectivity versus the closely related Na-K-2Cl cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) and no activity in a larger panel of GPCRs, ion channels and transporters [2].
Valnoctamide-d5 (Valmethamide-d5) is the deuterium labeled Valnoctamide. Valnoctamide (Valmethamide), a derivative of valproate, suppresses benzodiazepine-refractory status epilepticus. Valnoctamide (Valmethamide) acts directly on GABAA receptors[1][2].
Glisoxepid-d4 is the deuterium labeled Glisoxepide. Glisoxepide, a sulphonamide derivative, is an orally available nonselective K(ATP) channel blocker, with antihyperglycemic activity and cardiovascular regulation effect[1][2][3].
A-784168 is a potent and orally active inhibitor of vanilloid receptor type 1 (TRPV1). Vanilloid receptor type 1 (TRPV1) is a ligand-gated nonselective cation channel that is considered to be an important integrator of various pain stimuli such as endogenous lipids, capsaicin, heat, and low pH. A-784168 has good CNS penetration[1].
Iptakalim hydrochloride, a lipophilic para-amino compound, is a novel ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) opener, as well as an α4β2-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist[1].
Phaclofen is a selective GABAB receptor antagonist. Phaclofen is a peripheral and central baclofen antagonist. Phaclofen maybe a potential compound in determining the physiological significance of central and peripheral bicuculline-insensitive receptors with which GABA and (-)-baclofen interact[1][2].
Tribendimidine is an orally active, broad-spectrum anthelmintic agent, with particularly high activity against A. lumbricoides and N. americanus. Tribendimidine is also an L-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist[1][2][3].
Imperatorin is an effective of NO synthesis inhibitor (IC50=9.2 μmol), which also is a BChE inhibitor (IC50=31.4 μmol). Imperatorin is a weak agonist of TRPV1 with EC50 of 12.6±3.2 μM.
Asoxime dichloride (HI-6) is an antagonist to acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) including the nicotinic receptor, α7 nAChR. Asoxime dichloride involves in modulating immunity response. Asoxime dichloride (HI-6) can be used as an antigen and improves vaccination efficacy in the nervous system[1].
Azimilide(NE-10064) is a class III antiarrhythmic compound, inhibits I(Ks) and I(Kr) in guinea-pig cardiac myocytes and I(Ks) (minK) channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes.IC50 value:Target: in vitro: Azimilide blocked HERG channels at 0.1 and 1 Hz with IC50s of 1.4 microM and 5.2 microM respectively. Azimilide blockade of HERG channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes and I(Kr) in mouse AT-1 cells was decreased under conditions of high [K+]e, whereas block of slowly activating I(Ks) channels was not affected by changes in [K+]e [1]. Azimilide suppressed the following currents (Kd in parenthesis): IKr (< 1 microM at -20 mV), IKs (1.8 microM at +30 mV), L-type Ca current (17.8 microM at +10 mV), and Na current (19 microM at -40 mV). Azimilide was a weak blocker of the transient outward and inward rectifier currents (Kd > or = 50 microM at +50 and -140 mV, respectively). Azimilide blocked IKr, IKs, and INa in a use-dependent manner. Furthermore, azimilide reduced a slowly inactivating component of Na current that might be important for maintaining the action potential plateau in canine ventricular myocytes [2]. In guinea pig ventricular myocytes, NE-10064 (0.3-3 microM) significantly prolonged action potential duration (APD) at 1 Hz. At 3 Hz, NE-10064 (0.3-1 microM) increased APD only slightly, and at 10 microM decreased APD and the plateau potential. NE-10064 potently blocked the rapidly activating component of the delayed rectifier, IKr (IC50 0.4 microM), and inhibited IKs (IC50 3 microM) with nearly 10-fold less potency [3].in vivo: NE-10064 (10 mg/kg intravenously, i.v.) reduced (p < 0.05) the incidence (8 of 12) of PES-induced ventricular tachycardia (VT). The cycle length of induced VT was not prolonged by NE-10064 (0.245 +/- 0.046 s predrug vs. 0.301 +/- 0.060 s postdrug). NE-10064 increased ventricular effective refractory period (VERP 166 +/- 5 ms predrug vs. 194 +/- 13 ms postdrug, p = 0.013), prolonged QTc interval (310 +/- 12 ms predrug vs. 350 +/- 16 ms postdrug, p = 0.004) and prolonged the effective refractory period (ERP) of noninfarcted myocardium (p = 0.045) [4].
Tetracaine is a topical local anesthetic for the eyes; works by interfering with entry of sodium ions into nerve cells.
Paederosidic acid methyl ester is a ATP‐sensitive K+ channel activator, isolated from P. scandens. Paederosidic acid methyl ester exhibits significant central analgesic activity, and enhances the threshold of pain by activating ATP‐sensitive K+ channel in the brain and spinal cord level[1].
GMQ is a ASIC (acid-sensing ion) channel activator with an EC50 value of 1.83 mM for ASIC3 at pH 7.4. GMQ opens only ASIC3 but no other ASICs at pH 7.4. GMQ can be used for neurological disease research[1].
DL-Gabaculine hydrochloride is a neurotoxin that irreversibly inhibits bacterial pyridoxal phosphate linked γ-aminobutyric acid-α-ketoglutaric acid transaminase with a Ki of 2.86 μM[1].
AZD0865 inhibits gastric H+,K+-ATPase by K+-competitive binding. (IC50: 1.0 ± 0.2 μM)It is a acid-suppressing agents with rapid onset of action and potent acid inhibition. In vitro: AZD0865 can inhibit the final step in acid secretion. AZD0865 reduced porcine renal Na+,K+-ATPase activity by 9 ± 2%, demonstrating a high selectivity for H+,K+-ATPase.In vivo: The reference for animal administration is 0.5-1.0 mg/kg. The greater degree of acid suppression with the 75-mg dose of AZD0865 would translate to a healing rate of 89% at 4 weeks.
Heteropodatoxin-2, a peptides of 30-amino acid, is a heteropodatoxin. Heteropodatoxin-2 blocks Kv4.2 current expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes in a voltage-dependent manner, with less block at more positive potentials[1].
Oxcarbazepine inhibits the binding of [3H]BTX to sodium channels with IC50 of 160 μM and also inhibits the influx of 22Na+ into rat brain synaptosomes with IC50 about 100 μM.Target: Sodium ChannelOxcarbazepine is an antiepileptic drug with a chemical structure similar to carbamazepine, but with different metabolism. Oxcarbazepine is rapidly reduced to 10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy-carbazepine (monohydroxy derivative, MHD), the clinically relevant metabolite of oxcarbazepine. MHD has (S)-(+)- and the (R)-(-)-enantiomer [1]. Oxcarbazepine (oxcarb) 600 and 900 mg (2360 and 3540 mumol) was taken by 3 volunteers (2 female, 1 male; 45-67 kg; age 22-34 years) after an overnight fast. Blood, saliva and urine were collected for the next 72 h for assay of oxcarb, 10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy-carbamazepine (OHcarb), and 10,11-dihydro-trans-10,11-dihydroxy-carbamazepine (diol). Oxcarb reached a maximum level of about 1 microgram/ml (3.93 mumol/l) within 1 h and dropped below the detection limit (0.1 microgram/ml = 0.39 mumol/l) within 3 h. The active metabolite OHcarb appeared in the blood before oxcarb and reached the higher maximum level of 7.4 microgram/ml (29 mumol/l) after 7 h [2]. Clinical indications: EpilepsyToxicity: Isolated cases of overdose with oxcarbazepine have been reported. The maximum dose taken was approximately 24,000 mg. All patients recovered with symptomatic treatment.
Minodronic acid-d4 is deuterium labeled Minodronic acid. Minodronic acid (YM-529) is a third-generation bisphosphonate that directly and indirectly prevents proliferation, induces apoptosis, and inhibits metastasis of various types of cancer cells. Minodronic acid (YM-529) is an antagonist of purinergic P2X2/3 receptors involved in pain[1][2].
UBP-282 is a potent, selective and competitive AMPA and kainate receptor antagonist. UBP-282 inhibits the fast component of the dorsal root-evoked ventral root potential (fDR-VRP) with an IC50 value of 10.3 μM. UBP-282 antagonizes kainate-induced depolarisations of dorsal roots with a pA2 value of 4.96[1][2].
Lercanidipine hydrochloride is a calcium channel blocker of the dihydropyridine class.Target: Calcium ChannelLercanidipine is a calcium channel blocker of the dihydropyridine class, which works by relaxing and opening the blood vessels allowing the blood to circulate more freely around the body. Lercanidipine was effective and well-tolerated in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension in the daily practice. The effectiveness and safety of the drug were independent of the degree of cardiovascular risk [1, 2].
NP-1815-PX sodium is a potent and selective P2X4R antagonist. NP-1815-PX sodium has anti-inflammatory activity, and can relieve pain in chronic pain models. NP-1815-PX sodium also inhibits guinea pig tracheal/bronchial smooth muscle (TSM and BSM) contractions[1][2][3].
Tolbutamide is a first generation potassium channel blocker, sulfonylurea oral hypoglycemic drug.Target: Potassium ChannelTolbutamide is an oral antihyperglycemic agent used for the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Tolbutamide act by stimulating β cells of the pancreas to release insulin. Sulfonylureas increase both basal insulin secretion and meal-stimulated insulin release. Tolbutamide belongs to a class of medications called sulfonylureas. Tolbutamide inhibits both the basal and the cyclic AMP-stimulated protein kinase activities and the IC50 of Tolbutamide is 4 mM. Similar Tolbutamide concentrations are required for half maximal inhibition of in vitro lipolysis induced by hormones (norepinephrine and ACTH) or by dibutyryl cyclic AMP plus theophylline. Tolbutamide also inhibits both soluble and membrane-bound protein kinase from canine heart. The Tolbutamide inhibition of adipose tissue cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase is one possible explanation for the antilipolytic effects of this drug [1]. Tolbutamide inhibits C6-glioma cell proliferation by increasing Cx43, which correlates with a reduction in pRb phosphorylation due to the up-regulation of the Cdk inhibitors p21 and p27 [2].
α-Conotoxin SIA is a selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist with high affinity for the muscle nAChR. α-Conotoxin SIA preferentially targets the α/δ interface of the muscle nAChR in mouse muscle. In contrast, for Torpedo nAChR, α-Conotoxin SIA has a much higher affinity for the α/γ than for the α/δ interface[1].
CL 218872 is a selective and orally active benzodiazepine of α1 subunit-containing GABAAreceptor with a Ki of 130 nM. CL 218872 exerts anxiolytic and anticonvulsant in vivo[1].
Olvanil (NE-19550)is an agonist of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channels with an EC50 of 0.7 nM.Analgesic[1].