Brompheniramine ((±)-Brompheniramine) is a potent and orally active antihistamine of the alkylamine class. Brompheniramine is a selective histamine H1 receptor antagonist with a Kd of 6.06 nM. Brompheniramine can block the hERG channels, calcium channels, and sodium channels with IC50s of 0.90 μM, 16.12 μM and 21.26 μM, respectively. Brompheniramine has anticholinergic, antidepressant and anesthetic properties and can be used for allergic rhinitis research[1][2][3][4].
Ranolazine(RS-43285) is an antianginal agent with antiarrhythmic properties that achieves its effects via a novel mechanism of action (inhibition of the late phase of the inward sodium current), without affecting heart rate or blood pressure (BP). IC50 value:Target: sodium-dependent calcium channelRanolazine is currently approved for use in chronic angina. The basis for this use is likely related to inhibition of late sodium channels with resultant beneficial downstream effects. Randomized clinical trials have demonstrated an improvement in exercise capacity and reduction in angina episodes with ranolazine.
6-Benzoylheteratisine is a naturally occurring antagonist of the Na+ channel activator aconitine[1].
Topiramate (McN 4853) lithium is a broad-spectrum antiepileptic agent. Topiramate lithium is a GluR5 receptor antagonist. Topiramate produces its antiepileptic effects through enhancement of GABAergic activity, inhibition of kainate/AMPA receptors, inhibition of voltage-sensitive sodium and calcium channels, increases in potassium conductance, and inhibition of carbonic anhydrase[1][2][3].
LY393615 (NCC1048) is a novel neuronal Ca2+ (calcium channel) and Na + channel (sodium channel) blocker with IC50s of 1.9 μΜ and 5.2 μΜ for α1A and α1B calcium channel subunits. LY393615 has good brain penetration and neuroprotective effects in models of in cerebral ischemia that can be used for neurological disease research[1].
Lamotrigine(BW430C) is a novel anticonvulsant drug for inhibition of 5-HT and sodium channelTarget: Sodium ChannelLamotrigine stabilises presynaptic neuronal membranes by blockade of voltage-dependent sodium channels, thus preventing the release of excitatory neurotransmitters, particularly glutamate and aspartate [1]. In rat cerebral cortex tissue incubated with veratrine 10 mg/L, lamotrigine is twice as potent in inhibiting the release of glutamate and aspartate (ED 50 = 5.38 mg/L for each) than the release of GABA (ED50 = 11.2 mg/L), and is much less potent in inhibiting acetylcholine release (ED50 = 25.6 mg/L) when cortical slices is exposed to veratrine 75 mg/L. Basal glutamate release is unaffected [2]. Lamotrigine inhibits high-frequency sustained repetitive firing of sodium-dependent action potentials, indicating a direct effect on voltage-activated sodium channels [3]. Lamotrigine (Lamictal), a phenyltriazine derivative, is a well established anticonvulsant agent that has shown efficacy in the prevention of mood episodes in adult patients with bipolar I disorder. lamotrigine significantly delayed time to intervention for a depressive episode and showed limited efficacy in delaying time to intervention for a manic/hypomanic episode, compared with placebo. Lamotrigine is generally well tolerated [4].
Lu AE98134, an activator of voltage-gated sodium channels, acts as a partly selective Nav1.1 channels positive modulator. Lu AE98134 also increases the activity of Nav1.2 and Nav1.5 channels but not of Nav1.4, Nav1.6 and Nav1.7 channels. Lu AE98134 can be used to analyze pathophysiological functions of the Nav1.1 channel in various central nervous system diseases, including cognitive restoring in schizophrenia, et al[1].
Nav1.7-IN-6 (example 346) is a Nav1.7 selective inhibitor, which is extracted from patent WO2015078374A1[1].
Suzetrigine is a blocker of sodium channel protein type 10 subunit alpha. Suzetrigine acts as an analgesic[1].
JNJ-26489112 (JNJ26489112) is a broad-spectrum anticonvulsant that displays activity in rodents against audiogenic, electrically-induced, and chemically-induced seizures; exhibits very weak inhibition of human CA-II (IC50=35 μM); inhibits Na+, kainate, and KCNQ2 channels to varying degrees, while moderately potentiating GABA current and inhibiting N-methyl-D-aspartic acid current, its action at several targets appears to be responsible for the observed neurostabilizing effects; shows limited seizure spread and elevated seizure threshold in preclinical animal models. Epilepsy Discontinued
Nav1.7-IN-8 is a potent blockage of NaV1.7 with high selectivity for the inhibition of NaV1.7 over the subtypes hNaV1.1 and hNaV1.5. Nav1.7-IN-8 inhibits CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 with an IC50 of 0.17 μM and 0.077 μM, respectively. Nav1.7-IN-8 displays significant analgesic effects in rodent models of acute and inflammatory pain[1].
Trichlormethiazide is a thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.Target: OthersTrichlormethiazide is a diuretic with properties similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide. It is usually administered for the treatment of oedema (including that which is associated with heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis and corticosteroid therapy) and hypertension. In veterinary medicine, trichlormethiazide can be combined with dexamethasone to be used on horses with mild swelling of distal limbs and general bruising. Trichlormethiazide appears to block the active reabsorption of chloride and possibly sodium in the ascending loop of Henle. This results in excretion of sodium, chloride and water, and thus acts as a diuretic [1-3].
Vinpocetine(Cavinton; Ethyl apovincaminate) is a selective for PDE1 (IC50 = 21 μM). Also blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels.IC50 value:Target: PDE1; Na+ channel
Nav1.8-IN-2 (compound 35A) is a potent Nav1.8 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.4 nM. Nav1.8-IN-2 can be used for researching pain disorders, cough disorders, and acute and chronic itch disorders[1].
Meticrane is a diuretic. Meticrane inhibits the reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions in the distal convoluted tubule. Meticrane is used to treat essential hypertension.
4,9-Anhydrotetrodotoxin is a selective voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) inhibitor that blocks Nav1.1 and Nav1.6 in human brain and induces a hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage dependence of inactivated Nav1.6[1].
ICA-121431 is a nanomolar potent small molecule Nav1.7 channel inhibitor with IC50 of 19 nM for rat Nav1.7, but no inhibition on human, monkey and dog Nav1.7.IC50 value: 19 nM (rat Nav1.7) [1]Target: rat Nav1.7 inhibitorICA-121431 exhibited a spectrum of inhibitory activity for Nav human channel subtypes; equipotent inhibition of Nav1.3 and Nav1.1, less potent inhibition of Nav1.2, and much weaker inhibition of Nav1.7, Nav1.6, Nav1.4, and the TTX-resistant human Nav1.5 and Nav1.8 channels (IC50s >10 μM). the unique subtype selective Nav channel inhibitors ICA-121431 and PF-04856264 interact with amino acid residues on an extracellular facing region of the homologous Domain 4 voltage sensor of Nav1.3 or Nav1.7, which is distinct from previously described interaction sites for TTX or local anesthetic-like Nav channel inhibitors.
λ-Cyhalothrin is a high efficiency, broad-spectrum type II synthetic pyrethroid insecticide containing α-cyano group. λ-Cyhalothrin is used to control a wide range of pests in a variety of applications. λ-Cyhalothrin is a neurotoxin that targets sodium channels in the membranes of neurons in the central nervous system[1].
Ralfinamide mesylate (FCE-26742A mesylate) is an orally available Na(+) channel blocker derived from α-aminoamide, with function of suppressing pain[1].
PRAX-562 (PRAX562) is a novel persistent sodium current (INa) inhibitor, inhibits hNaV1.6 persistent INa induced by ATX-II or SCN8A mutation N1768D with IC50 of 141 and 75 nM, respectively.PRAX-562 displays similar potency for inhibition of persistent INa expressed by other human NaV isoforms (hNaV1.1, hNaV1.2, hNaV1.5) as well as rat, dog, and mouse orthologs (rNaV1.2, dNaV1.2, mNaV1.6, rNaV1.6), with IC50 values ranging 109-180 nM.PRAX-562 exhibits tonic block with lower potency (IC50=8470 nM), demonstrating 60-fold preference for persistent INa, also exhibits preference for persistent INa over peak INa tonic block for hNaV1.1 (173-fold).PRAX-562 reduces intrinsic excitability of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons without compromising action potential (AP) amplitude.PRAX-562 (3 mg/kg, po) produces dose-dependent protection (increase in latency) of mice against MES-induced tonic hindlimb seizures (EC50=90.1 ng/ml), with complete protection at 10 mg/kg.
Lidocaine-d6 (hydrochloride) is deuterium labeled Lidocaine (hydrochloride). Lidocaine hydrochloride (Lignocaine hydrochloride) inhibits sodium channels involving complex voltage and using dependence[1]. Lidocaine hydrochloride decreases growth, migration and invasion of gastric carcinoma cells via up-regulating miR-145 expression and further inactivation of MEK/ERK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Lidocaine hydrochloride is an amide derivative and a drug to treat ventricular arrhythmia and an effective tumor-inhibitor[2].
Vincanol ((-)-Isoeburnamine) is a blocker of voltage-gated Na+ channels. Vincanol blocks Na+ currents with an IC50 value of 40 μM. Vincanol has neuroprotective effect[1].
Benzamil (Benzylamiloride), an Amiloride analogue, is a Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) inhibitor (IC50~100 nM). Benzamil also is a non-selective Deg/epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) blocker, and can potentiate myogenic vasoconstriction. Benzamil inhibits TRPP3-mediated Ca2+-activated currents, with an IC50 of 1.1 μM[1][2][3].
Mexiletine hydrochloride is a non-selective voltage-gated sodium channel blocker; Class IB anti-arrhythmic compound.
GX-201 is a selective NaV1.7 inhibitor, with an IC50 of <3.2 nM for hNaV1.7[1].
ProTx-I, a venom toxin of the tarantula Thrixopelma pruriens, is a potent, selective CaV3.1 channel blocker with IC50 values of 0.2 μM and 31.8 μM for hCaV3.1 and hCaV3.2 respectively. ProTx-I is also a potent blocker for voltage-gated Na+ channels and inhibits KV 2.1 channels[1][2].
GDC-0276 is a potent, selective, reversible and orally active NaV1.7 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.4 nM. GDC-0276 is well tolerated and exhibits a good pharmacokinetic profile. GDC-0276 has the potential for the treatment of pain and to address shortcomings of existing pain medications, such as addiction and off-target side effects[1].
Jingzhaotoxin-V is a peptide that inhibits potassium currents in Xenopus laevis oocytes with an IC50 value of 604.2 nM. Jingzhaotoxin-V also inhibits tetrodotoxin-resistant and tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons with IC50 values of 27.6 and 30.2 nM, respectively[1].
A potent, selective sodium-coupled citrate transporter (NaCT or SLC13A5) with IC50 of 0.51 uM, >20-fold selectivity over NaDC1 and NaDC3; demonstrates dose-dependent inhibition of radioactive [(14)C]citrate uptake in liver and kidney in vivo, reduces fasting plasma glucose concentrations with suitable in vivo pharmacokinetic profile.
Benzonatate (Benzononatine) is a peripheral oral antitussive that dampens the activity of cough stretch receptors. Benzonatate has sodium channel-blocking properties and local anesthetic effects on the respiratory stretch receptors due to a tetracaine-like metabolite[1][2].