Falcarinol (Panaxynol) is a natural, orally active Hsp90 inhibitor targeting both the N-terminal and C-terminal of Hsp90 with limited toxicities. Falcarinol (Panaxynol) induces apoptosis[1].
Dabigatran etexilate(BIBR-1048) is the orally active prodrug of dabigatran; Dabigatran is a reversible and selective, direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI) with Ki value of 4.5 nM.IC50 Value: 4.5 nM (Ki); 10 nM(Thrombin-induced platelet aggregation) [1]in vitro: Dabigatran selectively and reversibly inhibited human thrombin(Ki: 4.5 nM) as well as thrombin-induced platelet aggregation (IC(50): 10 nM), while showing no inhibitory effect on other platelet-stimulating agents.Thrombin generation in platelet-poor plasma (PPP), measured as the endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) was inhibited concentration-dependently (IC(50): 0.56 microM). Dabigatran demonstrated concentration-dependent anticoagulant effects in various species in vitro, doubling the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT) and ecarin clotting time (ECT) in human PPP at concentrations of 0.23, 0.83 and 0.18 microM, respectively [1]. in vivo: Dabigatran prolonged the aPTT dose-dependently after intravenous administration in rats (0.3, 1 and 3 mg/kg) and rhesus monkeys (0.15, 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg). Dose- and time-dependent anticoagulant effects were observed with dabigatran etexilate administered orally to conscious rats (10, 20 and 50 mg/kg) or rhesus monkeys (1, 2.5 or 5 mg/kg), with maximum effects observed between 30 and 120 min after administration, respectively [1]. Patients treated with dabigatran etexilate experienced fewer ischaemic strokes (3.74 dabigatran etexilate vs 3.97 warfarin) and fewer combined intracranial haemorrhages and haemorrhagic strokes (0.43 dabigatran etexilate vs 0.99 warfarin) per 100 patient-years [2].Clinical trial: An Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Oral Dabigatran Etexilate in Hemodialysis Patients . Phase1
Glucosamine (hydrochloride) is a natural product.IC50 value:Target:In vitro: Glucosamine hydrochloride exhibited dose-dependent DPPH antioxidant activity [1]. Short-term (4 h) glucosamine hydrochloride treatment inhibited HIF-1α at the protein level, decreased phosphorylation of p70S6K and S6, translation-related proteins [2]. In the obstructed kidneys and TGF-β1-treated renal cells, glucosamine hydrochloride significantly decreased renal expression of α-smooth muscle actin, collagen I, and fibronectin [3]. In vivo:
Calyculin A is a potent and cell-permeable protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibitor with IC50s of 0.5 to 1 nM.
INT-767 is a dual farnesoid X receptor/TGR5 agonist with mean EC50s of 30 and 630 nM, respectively.
CETP-IN-3 (Compound 13) is an small molecule inhibitor of the plasma glycoprotein cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP), elevating HDL-C through inhibition of CETP. CETP-IN-3 for the CETP inhibitory activity in the scintillation proximity (SPA) and whole plasma assay (WPA) with IC50s of 0.002 μM and 0.06 μM, respectively[1].
Quinaprilat is an orally active non-mercapto Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, the active metabolite of Quinapril. Quinaprilat specifically blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II and inhibits the degradation of bradykinin. Quinaprilat acts as anti-hypertensive agent and vasodilator[1][2].
AAA-pNA is a chromogenic substrate of Tripeptidyl-peptidase II. AAA-pNA can be used to test Tripeptidyl-peptidase II activity[1].
Veledimex S enantiomer is the S enantiomer of veledimex. Veledimex is an oral activator ligand for a proprietary gene therapy promoter system, and a moderate inhibitor of and substrate for CYP3A4/5.
VD2173 is a side chain cyclized macrocyclic peptide inhibitor of HGF-activating serine proteases. VD2173 potently inhibits matriptase and hepsin. VD2173 can be used for the research of lung cancer[1].
NCX899 is a NO-releasing derivative of enalapril, and shows inhibitory activity against angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity.
Rugonersen (RG6091; RO7248824) is a locked-nucleic acid (LNA)- modified antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), and results in reduction of ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A (UBE3A) silencing. Angelman syndrome (AS) is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder caused by the loss of neuronal E3 ligase UBE3A, Rugonersen has been used for AS reasearch[1][2].
COX/5-LO-IN-1 is an inhibitor of cylooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase, used for the research of inflammatory and allergic disease states.
Lycopodine, a pharmacologically important bioactive component derived from Lycopodium clavatumspores, triggers apoptosis by modulating 5-lipoxygenase, and depolarizing mitochondrial membrane potential in refractory prostate cancer cells without modulating p53 activity[1]. Lycopodine inhibits proliferation of HeLa cells through induction of apoptosis via caspase-3 activation[2].
CMS-121 is a quinolone derivative and an orally active acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1) inhibitor. CMS-121 protects HT22 cells against ischemia and oxidative damage with EC50 values of 7 nM and 200 nM, respectively. CMS-121 has strong neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and renoprotective activities[1][2][3].
4'-Methylchrysoeriol is a potent inhibitor of Cytochrome P450 enzymes, with an IC50 of 19 nM for human P450 1B1-dependent EROD.
Hemorphin-7 is a hemorphin peptide, an endogenous opioid peptide derived from the β-chain of hemoglobin. Hemorphin peptides exhibits antinociceptive and antihypertensive activities, activating opioid receptors and inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).
IDH1 Inhibitor 7-d2 is the deuterium labeled IDH1 Inhibitor 7 (HY-150238). IDH1 Inhibitor 7 is an IDH1 inhibitor with an IC50 of less than 100 nM[1][2].
Spirapril (SCH 33844) hydrochloride is a potent angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor with antihypertensive activity. Spirapril competitively binds to ACE and prevents the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Spirapril is an orally active prodrug of Spiraprilat and can be used for the research of hypertension, congestive heart failure[1].
(-)-PX20606 trans isomer is a FXR agonist with EC50s of 18 and 29 nM for FXR in FRET and M1H assay, respectively.
Fenbendazole-d3 is a deuterium labeled Fenbendazole. Fenbendazole is a benzimidazole anthelmintic. Fenbendazole is active against Giardia in vitro (IC50 = 0.3 μM). Fenbendazole (20 mg/kg) prevents infiltration of parasites into the brain in a rabbit model of E. cuniculi infection. Fenbendazole also activates HIF-1α and prevents oxidative stress-induced death in primary neurons in vitro.
PDE12-IN-3 is a phosphodiesterase 12 (PDE12) inhibitor with a pXC50 of 7.68. Antiviral activity[1].
E6446 is a potent and orally acitve TLR7 and TLR9 antagonist, used in the research of deleterious inflammatory responses.
Tetrapeptide-30 is a skin-brightening peptide consisting of four amino acids. Tetrapeptide-30 can act as a tyrosinase inhibitor, lightening hyperpigmentation and evening out skin tone by reducing the amount of tyrosinase and inhibiting melanocyte activation[1].
AMG-1694 is a potent glucokinase–glucokinase regulatory protein (GK-GKRP) disruptors and promotes the dissociation of the GK-GKRP complex with an IC50 of 7 nM, indirectly increasing GK enzymatic activity. AMG-1694 potently reverses the inhibitory effect of GKRP on GK activity and promotes GK translocation. AMG-1694 normalizes blood glucose levels in several rodent models of diabetes and lowes blood glucose restricted to diabetic and not normoglycaemic animals[1].
Raltegravir is a potent integrase (IN) inhibitor, used to treat HIV infection.
GSK2033 is a LXR antagonist with pIC50s of 7 and 7.4 for LXRα or LXRβ, respectively.
ONO-8430506 is an orally bioavailable and potent autotaxin (ATX)/ENPP2 inhibitor with the IC90 of 100 nM for ATX activity in mouse plasma[1][2][3].
PF-2545920 is a potent and selective PDE10A inhibitor with IC50 of 0.37 nM, with >1000-fold selectivity over the PDE. IC50 value: 0.37 nM [1]Target: PDE10APDE10A subcutaneously administrated at dose of 1 mg/kg elevates striatal cGMP about 3 fold in male CD-1 mice, while PDE10A subcutaneously administrated at dose of 3.2 mg/kg displays a maximal elevation of striatal cGMP approximately a 5-fold increase in male CD-1 mice. PDE10A intravenous injected at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg in Sprague-Dawley rats displays clearance of 36 ml/min/Kg, DE10A intravenous injected at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg in Dog Beagle displays clearance of 7.2 ml/min/Kg in vivo clearance with a moderate volume of distribution, DE10A intravenous injected at a dose of 0.03 mg/kg in Monkey Cynomolgus displays clearance of 13.9 ml/min/Kg in vivo clearance with a moderate volume of distribution. PDE10A is active with an ED50 of 1 mg/kg at a significantly lower total plasma exposure (115 nM) in the conditioned avoidance response assay (CAR) in Sprague-Dawley rats [1]. MP-10 intraperitoneally administrated at dose of 0.3, 3, and 5 mg/kg in male CF-1 mice causes striking increases in GluR1 phosphorylation levels of 3-, 5.4-, and 4.1-fold , respectively. MP-10 at concentration of 1 μM treats Rat striatal slices for 30 min, the level of GluR1S845 phosphorylation at the cell surface is significantly increased 2-fold, without change the level of total GluR1 on the cell surface. MP-10 intraperitoneally administrated at dose of 0.3, 3, and 5 mg/kg in male CF-1 mice results in robust, statistically significant increases in CREBS133 phosphorylation of 3-, 4-, and 2.6-fold, respectively. MP-10 intraperitoneally administrated at dose of 3 mg/kg increases both enkephalin and substance-P mRNA levels in striatum of CF-1 mice. MP-10 intraperitoneally administrated at dose of 0.3-1 mg/kg decreases avoidance responding with a significant treatment effect in the mouse CAR model. Mice treated with MP-10 at dose of 0.03 mg/kg spents more time in the empty than social side in the mice, MP-10 also dose-dependently decreased locomotor activity [2].
Vatiquinone is a potent cellular oxidative stress protectant, which could be used to treat mitochondrial diseases.