3-Methyl-L-histidine is a biomarker for meat consumption, especially chicken. It is also a biomarker for the consumption of soy products.
Lasalocid is an antibacterial agent and a coccidiostat, used in the feed additives
Coproporphyrin III is a porphyrin derivative.
D-Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic agent and a weak renal vasodilator.Target: OthersD(-)Mannitol is a sugar alcohol that can be used as an inert osmotic control substance. The uptake and phosphorylation of d-mannitol is catalyzed by the mannitol-specific phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase systems (PTS). Mannitol can interact with neutrophils and monocytes. Experiments have shown that it is able to decrease neutrophil apoptosis in vitro. The compound has been used in studies as a stimulator of cecal microbial growth and cellulolytic activity in rabbits. It has been observed that mannitol can lower the fat digestibility and body fat accumulation in both normal and cecectomized rats, as well as upregulate monocyte HLA-DR, monocyte and neutrophil CD11b. Studies show that the mannitol operon is repressed by the transcription factor, mannitol operon repressor (MtlR) in Escherichia coli [1-3].
Biotin sulfone is first isolated as a natural metabolite of biotin.
β-Alanine is a non-essential amino acid that is shown to be metabolized into carnosine, which functions as an intracellular buffer.
N-Acetylglycine is a minor constituent of numerous foods with no genotoxicity or acute toxicity. N-acetylglycine is used in biological research of peptidomimetics.
L-Cystine is an amino acid and intracellular thiol, which plays a critical role in the regulation of cellular processes.
Salvianolic acid C is a noncompetitive Cytochrome P4502C8 (CYP2C8) inhibitor and a moderate mixed inhibitor of Cytochrome P45022J2 (CYP2J2), with Kis of 4.82 μM and 5.75 μM for CYP2C8 and CYP2J2, respectively.
18-Hydroxycorticosterone is a corticosteroid and a derivative of corticosterone, which can lead to serious electrolyte imbalances.
Nepsilon-Acetyl-L-lysine is a derivative of the amino acid lysine.
Isotanshinone IIA, an abietane-type diterpene metabolite, could non-competitively inhibit Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) activity with an IC50 0f 11.4 μM.
Gabapentin (Neurontin) is a pharmaceutical drug, specifically a GABA analog. It was originally developed to treat epilepsy, and currently is also used to relieve neuropathic pain.IC50 Value: 140 nM (α2δ subunit of calcium channel) [1]Target: Calcium Channelin vitro: Gabapentin, baclofen and CGP 44532 all reduced the electrically stimulated release of [3H]glutamic acid (IC50=20 microM, 0.8 microM and 2 microM, respectively). Gabapentin was without effect on the release of [3H]GABA, whilst baclofen (IC50=8 microM) and CGP 44532 (IC50=1 microM) inhibited [3H]GABA release [2]. A large inhibition of calcium currents by gabapentin was observed in pyramidal neocortical cells (up to 34%). Significantly, the gabapentin-mediated inhibition of calcium currents saturated at particularly low concentrations (around 10 microM), at least in neocortical neurons (IC50 about 4 microM) [3].in vivo: Gabapentin produced an anti-allodynic effect over the 7-day period, reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines but increasing the expression of IL-10 (TNF-α, 316.0 ± 69.7 pg/mL vs 88.8 ± 24.4 pg/mL; IL-1β, 1,212.9 ± 104.5 vs 577.4 ± 97.1 pg/mL; IL-6, 254.0 ± 64.8 pg/mL vs 125.5 ± 44.1 pg/mL; IL-10, 532.1 ± 78.7 pg/mL vs 918.9 ± 63.1 pg/mL). The suppressive effect of gabapentin on pro-inflammatory cytokine expression was partially blocked by the anti-IL-10 antibody [4].Toxicity: No new safety signals or adverse event trends relating to GEn exposure were identified [5].Clinical trial: N/A
Uridine diphosphate glucose is an important intermediate in several different metabolic pathways and biosynthetic reactions, including the biosynthesis of polysaccharides such as starch and glycogen, lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.
Desmopressin(DDAVP) is the synthetic analogue of the antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin. IC50 Value:Target: Vasopressin ReceptorThe antidiuretic properties of desmopressin have led to its use in polyuric conditions including primary nocturnal enuresis, nocturia, and diabetes insipidus. Desmopressin works by limiting the amount of water that is eliminated in the urine. Desmopressin binds to V2 receptors in renal collecting ducts, increasing water reabsorption. It also stimulates release of von Willebrand factor from endothelial cells by acting on the V2 receptor.
Epipregnanolone is an endogenous neurosteroid that has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.
L-5,6,7,8-Tetrahydrofolic acid, a folic acid derivative, which is a coenzyme in many reactions, especially in the metabolism of amino acids and nucleic acids.
Bambuterol is a long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist (LABA) used in the treatment of asthma; it also is a prodrug of terbutaline.IC50 value:Target: beta-adrenoceptor agonistBambuterol is contraindicated in pregnancy and in people with seriously impaired liver function. It can be used by people with renal impairment, but dose adjustments are necessary. The adverse effect profile of bambuterol is similar to that of salbutamol, and may include fatigue, nausea, palpitations, headache, dizziness and tremor.
5-Methylcytidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside detected in multiple biofluids.
Cholestenone is the intermediate oxidation product of cholesterol.
1-Methyluric acid acts on the urinary bladder mucosa and increases the blood glucose, insulin, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels.
L-Carnosine is a dipeptide of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine and has the potential to suppress many of the biochemical changes that accompany aging.
2-Phenylethanamine is believed to function as a neuromodulator or neurotransmitter.
Octopamine Hydrochloride is an endogenous biogenic amine that is closely related to norepinephrine, and has effects on the adrenergic and dopaminergic systems.Target: Dopamine Receptor; Adrenergic ReceptorOctopamine is present in relatively high concentrations in neuronal as well as in non-neuronal tissues of most invertebrate species studied, and modulates almost every physiological process. Octopamine acts as neurohormone including desensitization of sensory inputs, influence on learning and memory, or regulation of the mood of the animal in the central nervous system. Octopamine is the only neuroactive non-peptide transmitter whose physiological role is restricted to invertebrates, and all octopamine receptors belong to the family of G-protein coupled receptors [1].Octopamine (10 μM) injected into the mushroom body (MB) calyces or the antennal lobe but not the lateral protocerebral lobe produces a lasting, pairing-specific enhancement of extension of the proboscis. Octopamine (10 μM) injected into the MB calyces results in an additional pairing-specific effect, because it does not lead to an acquisition but a consolidation after conditioning [2]. Octopamine treatment significantly elevates levels of octopamine in the brain and caused a significant dose-dependent increase in the number of new foragers. Octopamine treatment is effective only when given to bees old enough to forage, i.e., older than 4 days of age. Octopamine influences division of labor in honey bee colonies [3].
Pyruvic aldehyde is often used as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning.
Cimifugin is a major components of Yu-ping-feng-san, a Chinese medical formula that is used clinically for allergic diseases and characterized by reducing allergy relapse.
5Z-7-Oxozeaenol is a natural anti-protozoan compound from fungal origin, acting as a potent irreversible and selective inhibitor of TAK1 and VEGF-R2, with IC50s of 8 nM and 52 nM, respectively.
5-Amino-3H-imidazole-4-Carboxamide (AICA) is an important precursor for the synthesis of purines in general and of the nucleobases adenine and guanine in particular.
(-)-Aspartic acid is an endogenous NMDA receptor agonist.