N-Oleoyl glycine is a lipoamino acid, which stimulates adipogenesis associated with activation of CB1 receptor and Akt signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocyte.
Varenicline Tartrate(CP 526555;Champix) is a nicotinic receptor partial agonist; it stimulates nicotine receptors more weakly than nicotine itself does.IC50 value:Target: α4β2 nAChRVarenicline(CP 526555; Champix; Chantix) is a prescription medication used to treat smoking addiction. As a partial agonist it both reduces cravings for and decreases the pleasurable effects of cigarettes and other tobacco products. Through these mechanisms Varenicline(CP 526555; Champix; Chantix) can assist some patients to quit smoking.
(20S)-Protopanaxadiol (20-Epiprotopanaxadiol) is an aglycon metabolic derivative of the protopanaxadiol-type ginseng saponin; apoptosis inducer.IC50 value:Target: apoptosis inducer(20S)-Protopanaxadiol was used to induce cytotoxicity for two human glioma cell lines, SF188 and U87MG. For the SF188 cells, (20S)-Protopanaxadiol activated caspases-3, -8, -7, and -9 within 3 h and induced rapid apoptosis, which could be partially inhibited by a general caspase blocker and completely abolished when the caspase blocker was used in combination with an antioxidant. (20S)-Protopanaxadiol also induced cell death in U87MG cells but did not activate any caspases in these cells [1]. aPPD was able to inhibit P-gp activity as potently as verapamil on MDR cells. The blockage of P-gp activity was highly reversible as wash-out of aPPD resulted in an immediate recovery of P-gp activity. Unlike verapamil, aPPD did not affect ATPase activity of P-gp suggesting a different mechanism of action [2].
Micheliolide could effectively attenuate the high glucose-stimulated activation of NF-κB, the degradation of IκBα, and the expression of MCP-1, TGF-β1 and FN in rat mesangial cells (MCs).
Pemetrexed is a novel antifolate, the Ki values of the pentaglutamate of LY231514 are 1.3, 7.2, and 65 nM for inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT), respectively.
(S)-b-aminoisobutyric acid is a non-protein amino acid originating from the catabolism of thymine and valine.
The compound 7,4'-Di-O-methylapigenin may be partly responsible for the reported antifungal activity of C. zeyheri, and may serve as a potential source of lead compounds that can be developed as antifungal phytomedicines.And it also showed inhibition of the drug efflux pumps (with IC50 = 51.64 μg/ml).IC50:51.64 μg/ml(Candida albicans drug efflux pumps)[2]In vitro: The isolated 7,4'-Di-O-methylapigenin was further investigated for its inhibitory activity on ABC drug efflux pumps in C. albicans by monitoring an increase in ciprofloxacin, assessing the level of its accumulation, in response to reserpine. There was a higher accumulation of ciprofloxacin in Candida cells in the presence of 7,4'-Di-O-methylapigenin than with reserpine. The compound 7,4'-Di-O-methylapigenine demonstrated the activity in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 value of 51.64 μg/ml. These results support those obtained from synergism assays where by the underlying synergistic antifungal mechanisms could be due to blockage of ABC efflux pumps and increasing the susceptibility of Candida to miconazole.[2]In vivo: In searching for natural products as potential anti-inflammatory agents, 7,4'-Di-O-methylapigenin wasn't evaluated in vivo for its ability to inhibit acute inflammation.[1]
Deoxyandrographolide is a natural compound extracted from A. paniculata; potently inhibit the growth of liver (HepG2 and SK-Hep1) and bile duct (HuCCA-1 and RMCCA-1) cancer cells.IC50 value:Target: Anticancer natural compoundin vitro: Treatment with 14-DAG activated AMPK through induction of cyclic AMP-protein kinase A pathway. 14-DAG controlled ethanol-induced hepatosteatosis by interfering with dysregulation of lipid metabolism. In conclusion, our results indicated that 14-DAG was capable of preventing the development of fatty liver through AMPK-mediated regulation of lipid metabolism [1]. 14-DAG down-regulated the formation of death-inducing signalling complex, resulting in desensitization of hepatocytes to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis. Pretreatment of hepatocytes with 14-DAG accentuated microsomal Ca-ATPase activity through induction of NO/cGMP pathway [2]. 14-DAP, in concentrations between 10-100 microM, reduced the extracellular acidification rate and the intracellular alkalinization in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, 14-DAP reduced PAF-induced calcium flux in the presence of extracellular calcium, and tyrosine phosphorylation of a 44 kDa protein corresponding to the MAPK(ERK1) [3]. in vivo: Half of the ethanol-fed animals received 14-deoxyandrographolide (14-DAG) treatment for the last 4 weeks of study. protective effect of 14-DAG against ethanol-induced hepatic injury is based on its ability to reduce oxidative stress through cNOS dependent improvement of redox status. 14-DAG mediated activation of adenylate cyclase-cAMP signaling leading to up-regulation of cNOS may provide a promising approach in the prevention of liver diseases during chronic alcoholism [4].
Biotin is a water-soluble, enzyme co-factor present in minute amounts in every living cell.Target: OthersBiotin is necessary for cell growth, the production of fatty acids, and the metabolism of fats and amino acids. It plays a role in the citric acid cycle, which is the process by which biochemical energy is generated during aerobic respiration. Biotin is a coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes, involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, isoleucine, and valine, and in gluconeogenesis. In addition, biotin is widely used throughout the biotechnology industry to conjugate proteins for biochemical assays. The dietary biotin intake in Western populations has been estimated to be 35 to 70 microg/d (143-287 nmol/d). Recent studies suggest that humans absorb biotin nearly completely. Conditions that may increase biotin requirements in humans include pregnancy, lactation, and therapy with anticonvulsants or lipoic acid [1, 2].
Sulforaphane is an isothiocyanate present naturally in widely consumed vegetables; has shown anticancer and cardioprotective activities.
Deoxycorticosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal gland that possesses mineralocorticoid activity and acts as an aldosterone precursor.
Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid is a non proteinogenic amino acid homologue of proline. Found in common beets. Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid can be misincorporated into proteins in place of proline in many species, including humans. Toxic and teratogenic agent[1][2].
Eicosadienoic acid is a rare, naturally occurring n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid found mainly in animal tissues.
Ginkgolic Acid is a natural compound with suspected cytotoxic, allergenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic properties, and it can inhibit protein SUMOylation both in vitro and in vivo without affecting in vivo ubiquitination.
Tigecycline is a first-in-class, broad spectrum antibiotic with activity against antibiotic-resistant organisms.Target: AntibacterialTigecycline is active against a broad range of gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial species including clinically important multidrug-resistant nosocomial and community-acquired bacterial pathogens. Tigecycline has been shown to inhibit the translation elongation step by binding to the ribosome 30S subunit and preventing aminoacylated tRNAs to accommodate in the ribosomal A site [1]. Tigecycline has also been found to be effective for the treatment of community- as well as hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia and bacteremia, sepsis with shock and urinary tract infections. Tigecycline appears to be a valuable treatment option for the management of superbugs, especially where conventional therapy has failed [2].Fifteen patients received tigecycline for 16 episodes of CPKP infection. The main infections were pneumonia (31%), urinary tract infection (31%), peritonitis (20%), catheter-related bacteraemia (12%), and meningitis (6%). Most infections were complicated with severe sepsis (44%), septic shock (12%), and/or bacteraemia (19%). The daily maintenance dose of tigecycline was 200 mg in 10 episodes and 100 mg in 6 episodes. The overall 30-day mortality rate was 25%. Univariate analysis showed that mortality was significantly associated (p < 0.01) with mean APACHE II and SOFA scores and the presence of immunosuppression, but not with the tigecycline dose [3].
Bilobalide is a biologically active terpenic trilactone present in Ginkgo biloba. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated its neuroprotective effects.IC50 Value: 3.33 (pIC50 Value) [1]Target: neuroprotectivein vitro: Inhibition by BB and GB was abolished in mutant receptors containing T6'S and S12'A substitutions, but their potencies were enhanced (42- and 125-fold, respectively) in S2'A mutant receptors [1]. BB enhanced the secretion of α-secretase-cleaved soluble amyloid precursor protein (sAPPα, a by-product of non-amyloidogenic processing of APP) and decreased the β amyloid protein (Aβ, a by-product of amyloidogenic processing of APP) via PI3K-dependent pathway [2].in vivo: Oral administration of bilobalide (10-30 mg/kg) significantly inhibited thermal hyperalgesia in response to carrageenan, capsaicin and paw incision, independent of dose, with an efficacy similar to that of diclofenac. In the carrageenan model, mechanical hypersensitivity and paw oedema were also significantly reduced after treatment with bilobalide (10-30 mg/kg) [3]. BB(4 and 8 mg/kg) significantly protected VD rats against cognitive deficits in the Morris water maze. Biochemical assessment showed that BB (4 and 8 mg/kg) increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) content, and decreased nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content [4].Clinical trial: N/A
Pizotifen malate is a potent 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, with a high affinity for 5-HT1C binding site.
Myomodulin is a neuropeptide present in molluscs, insects, and gastropods.
H-Gly-Pro-OH is an end product of collagen metabolism that is further cleaved by prolidase.
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, a phenolic derivative of benzoic acid, could inhibit most gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria, with an IC50 of 160 μg/mL.
Limonin is a triterpenoid enriched in citrus fruits, which has antivirus and antitumor ability.IC50 Value: Target: HIV; anticancerLimonin is a triterpenoid aglycone that is a bitter principle of citrus fruits. Limonin is chemically induced carcinogenesis inhibitor and HIV-1 replication inhibitor. Limonin has anti-proliferative, proapoptotic activity on several cancer cell lines and inhibits azoxymethane-induced colon cancer in rats. Limonin also inhibits HIV-1 replication in culturedf monocytes, macrophages, and mononuclear cells, perhaps by inhibition of HIV-1 protease activity.
AICAR phosphate is an activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), down-regulates the insulin receptor expression in HepG2 cells.
2-Oxo-3-phenylpropanoic acid is used in the synthesis of 3-phenyllactic acid (PLA) by lactate dehydrogenase.
Colchicine is a tubulin inhibitor and a microtubule disrupting agent. Colchicine inhibits microtubule polymerization with an IC50 of 3 nM.
7beta-Hydroxylathyrol is a natural product.
Paeoniflorin is a herbal constituent extracted from the root of Paeonia albiflora Pall.Target: OthersPaeoniflorin (PF) is the principal bioactive component of Radix Paeo- niae alba, which is widely used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease(PD) [1]. Paeoniflorin, a compound found in white peony that inhibited the production of testosterone and promoted the activity of aromatase, which converts testosterone into estrogen [2]. Treatment of cells with paeoniflorin but not glycyrrhizin resulted in enhanced phosphorylation and acquisition of the deoxyribonucleic acid-binding ability of heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1), as well as the formation of characteristic HSF1 granules in the nucleus, suggesting that the induction of HSPs by paeoniflorin is mediated by the activation of HSF1. Also, thermotolerance was induced by treatment with paeoniflorin but not glycyrrhizin. Paeoniflorin had no toxic effect at concentrations as high as 80 microg/ mL (166.4 microM). To our knowledge, this is the first report on the induction of HSPs by herbal medicines [3].
Thyroxine sulfate is a thyroid hormone metabolite.
Nigakinone is one of the most abundant alkaloids responsible for the major pharmacological activities of Kumu.
Homogentisic acid is a specific metabolite in urine and serum, which is used for diagnosis of alkaptonuria.
Maslinic acid can inhibit the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB p65 and abolish the phosphorylation of IκB-α, which is required for p65 activation