γ-Aminobutyric acid (4-Aminobutyric acid) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult mammalian brain[1][2], binding to the ionotropic GABA receptors (GABAA receptors) and metabotropic receptors (GABAB receptors)[2].
L-Lactic acid is a buildiing block which can be used as a precursor for the production of the bioplastic polymer poly-lactic acid.
Epimedin A1 is a flavonoid extracted from Herba Epimedii which is one of commonly used Chinese medicines.
Halofuginone (RU-19110) is a less-toxic form of Febrifugine, which is isolated from the plant Dichroa febrifuga[1]. Halofuginone inhibits prolyl-tRNA synthetase in an ATP-dependent manner with a Ki of 18.3 nM[2]. Halofuginone attenuates osteoarthritis (OA) by inhibition of TGF-β activity[3].
Poliumoside is a natural compound which exhibit significant inhibition of advanced glycation end product formation with IC50 value of 4.6-25.7 μM.IC50 value: Target: Poliumoside exhibited greater inhibitory effects on rat lens aldose reductase with IC50 values of 0.85 μM, than those of the positive controls, 3,3-tetramethyleneglutaric acid (IC50=4.03 μM) and quercetin (IC50=7.2 μM).
Gambogic acid is derived from the gamboges resin of the tree Garcinia hanburyi. Gambogic acid inhibits Bcl-XL, Bcl-2, Bcl-W, Bcl-B, Bfl-1 and Mcl-1 with IC50s of 1.47 μM, 1.21 μM, 2.02 μM, 0.66 μM, 1.06 μM and 0.79 μM.
Valerylcarnitine is an endogenous metabolite, belonging to the short-chain acylcarnitines.
Isocorynoxeine, an isorhynchophylline-related alkaloid, exhibits a dose-dependent inhibition of 5-HT2A receptor-mediated current response with an IC50 of 72.4 μM.
6-Acetamidohexanoic acid is a pharmaceutical intermediate
Droxidopa(L-DOPS, SM5688) is a synthetic amino acid precursor which acts as a prodrug to the neurotransmitters norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline); capable of crossing the protective blood–brain barrierIC50 value: Target: The acute administration of droxidopa in PVL and BDL rats caused a significant and maintained increase in arterial pressure and mesenteric arterial resistance, with a significant decrease of mesenteric arterial and portal blood flow, without changing portal pressure and renal blood flow [1]. L-threo-dihydroxyphenyslerine (Droxidopa) is a pro-drug which has a structure similar to noradrenaline, but with a carboxyl group. It has no pressor effects in this form. It can be administered orally, unlike noradrenaline, and after absorption is converted by the enzyme dopa decarboxylase into noradrenaline thus increasing levels of the neurotransmitter which is identical to endogenous noradrenaline [2].
Pemetrexed disodium is a novel antifolate that inhibits the folatedependent enzymes thymidylate synthase, dihydrofolate reductase, and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase with Kis of 1.3, 7.2, and 65 nM, respectively.
Neoandrographolide is a diterpenoid from the Andrographis paniculata (Acanthaceae).
Theviridoside is a natural iridoid glucoside found in the leaves of Cerbera odollam, it has cytotoxicity.
Rutin hydrate is a flavonol glycoside, able to cross the blood-brain barrier, and acts by inhibiting JNK and ERK1/2 activation and activating mTOR signalling.
1-Methyl-L-histidine is an objective indicator of meat ingestion and exogenous 3-methylhistidine (3MH) intake.
3'-Methoxypuerarin (3'-MOP) is an isoflavone extracted from radix puerariae that shows neuron protection activity.
Linoleic acid is a critical component of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Mesaconitine is the main active component of genus aconitum plants.IC50 value:Target: in vitro: In HUVECs, 30 microM mesaconitine increased the [Ca(2+)](i) level in the presence of extracellular CaCl(2) and NaCl, and the response was inhibited by KBR7943. Mesaconitine increased intracellular Na(+) concentration level in HUVECs. The [Ca(2+)](i) response by mesaconitine was inhibited by 100 microM D-tubocurarine [1]. Mesaconitine at 30 microM inhibited 3 microM phenylephrine-induced contraction in the endothelium-intact, but not endothelium-denuded, aortic rings [2]. MA promoted the alpha-MT-induced decrease in NE levels in hippocampus, medulla oblongata plus pons and spinal cord [3].
Ginsenoside Rb2 is one of the main bioactive components of ginseng extracts. Rb2 can upregulate GPR120 gene expression.
Dihydrosanguinarine is a natural compound isolated from the leaves of Macleaya microcarpa; has antifungal and anticancer activity.IC50 value:Target:in vitro: Dihydrosanguinarine showed much less cytotoxicity than sanguinarine: at the highest concentration tested (20 microM) and 24h exposure, dihydrosanguinarine decreased viability only to 52% [1]. Dihydrosanguinarine showed the highest antifungal activity against B. cinerea Pers, with 95.16% mycelial growth inhibition at 50 μg/ml [2]. dihydrosanguinarine showed the most potent leishmanicidal activities (IC(50) value: 0.014 microg/ml, respectively) [4].in vivo: Repeated dosing of DHSG for 90 days at up to 500 ppm in the diet (i.e. approximately 58 mg/kg/day) showed no evidence of toxicity in contrast to results published in the literature [3].
5-Methylfurfural is a naturally occurring substance, found in cigarette smoke condensate, licorice essential oil, stored dehydrated orange powder, baked potato flour, volatile compounds of roast beef, aroma concentrate of sponge cake. bread and in coffee, tea and cocoa[1]. A flavoring agent.
Rutaecarpine, an alkaloid of Evodia rutaecarpa, is an inhibitor of COX-2 with an IC50 value of 0.28 μM.
Panaxadiol is a novel antitumor agent extracted from the Chinese medical herb Panax ginseng.
Sanguinarine, a benzophenanthridine alkaloid derived from the root of Sanguinaria Canadensis, can stimulate apoptosis via activating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Sanguinarine-induced apoptosis is associated with the activation of JNK and NF-κB.
Guvacine hydrochloride is an alkaloid from the nut of Areca catechu, acts as an inhibitor of GABA transporter, and dispalys modest selectivity for cloned GABA transporters with IC50s of 14 μM (human GAT-1), 39 μM (rat GAT-1), 58 μM (rat GAT-2), 119 μM (human GAT-3), 378 μM (rat GAT-3), and 1870 μM (human BGT-3).
Ginsenoside Ro exhibits a Ca2+-antagonistic antiplatelet effect with an IC50 of 155 μM. Ginsenoside Ro reduces the production of TXA2 more than it reduces the activities of COX-1 and TXAS.
7-xylosyltaxol(Taxol-7-xyloside) is a taxol (Paclitaxel) derivative; Paclitaxel binds to tubulin and inhibits the disassembly of microtubules.IC50 Value:Target: Microtubule/TubulinPaclitaxel is a compound extracted from the Pacific yew tree with antineoplastic activity. Paclitaxel also induces apoptosis by binding to and blocking the function of the apoptosis inhibitor protein Bcl-2 (B-cell Leukemia 2). Paclitaxel inhibits DNA synthesis and stimulates the release of tumor necrosis factor-α. Paclitaxel induces apoptosis in murine mammary carcinoma MCA-4 and ovarian carcinoma OCA-1 tumors.
Dencichin is a non-protein amino acid originally extracted from Panax notoginseng, and can inhibit HIF-prolyl hydroxylase-2 (PHD-2) activity.