2-Phenylethanol (Phenethyl alcohol), extracted from rose, carnation, hyacinth, Aleppo pine, orange blossom and other organisms, is a colourless liquid that is slightly soluble in water. It has a pleasant floral odor and also an autoantibiotic produced by the fungus Candida albicans[1]. It is used as an additive in cigarettes and also used as a preservative in soaps due to its stability in basic conditions.
Dehydrocostus Lactone is a major sesquiterpene lactone isolated from the roots of Saussurea lappa.IC50 value:Target:In vitro: Dehydrocostus Lactone promoted apoptosis with increased activation of caspases 8, 9, 7, 3, enhanced PARP cleavage, decreased Bcl-xL expression and increased levels of Bax, Bak, Bok, Bik, Bmf, and t-Bid. We have demonstrated that Dehydrocostus Lactone inhibits cell growth and induce apoptosis in DU145 cells [1]. Dehydrocostus Lactone inhibits NF-kappaB activation by preventing TNF-alpha-induced degradation and phosphorylation of its inhibitory protein I-kappaB alpha in human leukemia HL-60 cells and that dehydrocostus lactone renders HL-60 cells susceptible to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis by enhancing caspase-8 and caspase-3 activities [2]. Dehydrocostus Lactone inhibited the production of NO in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells by suppressing inducible nitric oxide synthase enzyme expression.In vivo: Dehydrocostus Lactone decreased the TNF-alpha level in LPS-activated systems in vivo [3].
Uridine diphosphate glucose is an important intermediate in several different metabolic pathways and biosynthetic reactions, including the biosynthesis of polysaccharides such as starch and glycogen, lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.
Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is a potential free radical generator and could be used as an indicator of hypoxia.
7-Methoxyisoflavone is an isoflavone derivative and also an activator of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK).
Isorhynchophylline (IRN), an alkaloid isolated from Uncaria rhynchophylla, possesses the effects of lowered blood pressure, vasodilatation and protection against ischemia-induced neuronal damage.IC50 value:Target:In vitro: Isorhynchophylline concentration-dependently inhibited the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-induced proliferation of PASMCs. Fluorescence-activated cell-sorting analysis showed that isorhynchophylline caused G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest [2]. Isorhynchophylline can significantly attenuate the cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by AngⅡ [3].In vivo: Isorhynchophylline significantly improved spatial learning and memory function in the D-gal-treated mice. Isorhynchophylline significantly increased the level of glutathione (GSH) and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), while decreased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the brain tissues of the D-gal-treated mice [1]. Isorhynchophylline prevented monocrotaline induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats, as assessed by right ventricular (RV) pressure, the weight ratio of RV to (left ventricular+septum) and RV hypertrophy. Isorhynchophylline significantly attenuated the percentage of fully muscularized small arterioles, the medial wall thickness, and the expression of smooth muscle α-actin (α-SMA) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) [2].
Resibufogenin, a component of huachansu, has been shown to exhibit the anti-proliferative effect against cancer cells, and this may be attributed to the degradation of cyclin D1 caused by the activation of GSK-3β.IC50 Value:Target:In vitro: The effects of Resibufogenin on the outward delayed rectifier potassium current (IK) and outward transient potassium current (IA) in rat hippocampal neurons was investigated, and it inhibited both IK and IA, at 1 μM concentration RBG could alter some channel kinetics and gating properties of IK, such as steady-state activation and inactivation curves, open probability and time constants [1].In vivo: Resibufogenin prevented evidence of oxidative stress in "preeclamptic" rats [2].
Bambuterol is a long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist (LABA) used in the treatment of asthma; it also is a prodrug of terbutaline.IC50 value:Target: beta-adrenoceptor agonistBambuterol is contraindicated in pregnancy and in people with seriously impaired liver function. It can be used by people with renal impairment, but dose adjustments are necessary. The adverse effect profile of bambuterol is similar to that of salbutamol, and may include fatigue, nausea, palpitations, headache, dizziness and tremor.
Benfotiamine is a synthetic S-acyl derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1); an antioxidant dietary supplement.IC50 value:Target: Benfotiamine, the lipid-soluble thiamine derivative used as a treatment for diabetic neuropathy, can inhibit three major pathways(the hexosamine pathway, the advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation pathway and the diacylglycerol (DAG)?protein kinase C (PKC) pathway）of hyperglycemic damage and prevent experimental diabetic retinopathy. Benfotiamine is a synthetic S-acyl derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) for treating sciatica and other painful nerve conditions. More effective at increasing thiamin levels in blood and tissues than water-soluble salts like the previous vitamin B1.
Glycoursodeoxycholic acid, a acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conjugate, is a metabolite of ursodeoxycholic acid.In Vitro: The antioxidant compound glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA) fully abrogates UCB-induced cytochrome c oxidase inhibition and significantly prevents oxidative stress, metabolic alterations, and cell demise[1].GUDCA has shown therapeutic efficacy in neurodegenerative models and diseases. Increased cytosolic SOD1 inclusions were observed in 4 DIV NSC-34/hSOD1(G93A) cells together with decreased mitochondria viability, caspase-9 activation, and apoptosis[2]. Glycoursodeoxycholic acid shows preventive and restorative effects against unconjugated bilirubin -induced blood-brain barrier disruption and damage to human brain microvascular endothelial cells[3].
(R)-3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid is an intermediate in the pathways of l-valine and thymine and plays an important role in the diagnosis of the very rare inherited metabolic diseases 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria and methylmalonic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency.
Resveratrol (SRT 501), a natural polyphenol that possesses anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and anti-cancer properties. It has a wide spectrum of targets including mTOR, JAK, β-amyloid.
5,15-Diacetyl-3-benzoyllathyrol is one of the lathyrane diterpenoids, that has anti-cancer activity.
Amrubicin hydrochloride is a DNA topoisomerase II inhibitor, used for the research of cancer.
Deoxycholic acid is specifically responsible for activating the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor TGR5 that stimulates brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic activity.
5Z-7-Oxozeaenol is a natural anti-protozoan compound from fungal origin, acting as a potent irreversible and selective inhibitor of TAK1 and VEGF-R2, with IC50s of 8 nM and 52 nM, respectively.
(-)-Aspartic acid is an endogenous NMDA receptor agonist.
α-L-Rhamnose monohydrate is a component of the plant cell wall pectic polysaccharides rhamnogalacturonan I and rhamnogalacturonan II. α-L-Rhamnose monohydrate is also a component of bacterial polysaccharides where it plays an important role in pathogenicity.
Erythromycin Cyclocarbonate, derivative of Erythromycin, which is active against Gram-positive and some Gram-negative microorganisms.
3-Hydroxypicolinic acid is a picolinic acid derivative, and belongs to the pyridine family.
Cinnamic acid has potential use in cancer intervention, with IC50s of 1-4.5 mM in glioblastoma, melanoma, prostate and lung carcinoma cells.
Evodiamine is an alkaloid isolated from the fruit of Evodia rutaecarpa Bentham with diverse biological activities including anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and antitumor.
Notoginsenoside Fe is a natural compound isolated from Panax japlcus var.
Stigmastanol is a phytosterol found in a variety of plant sources.
Bombesin is a tetradecapeptide originally isolated from frog skin; plays an important role in the release of gastrin and the activation of G-protein receptors.
L-Arginine is the nitrogen donor for synthesis of nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator that is deficient during times of sickle cell crisis.Target: OthersArginine is an α-amino acid. It was first isolated in 1886. The L-form is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids. At the level of molecular genetics, in the structure of the messenger ribonucleic acid mRNA, CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, and AGG, are the triplets of nucleotide bases or codons that code for arginine during protein synthesis. In mammals, arginine is classified as a semiessential or conditionally essential amino acid, depending on the developmental stage and health status of the individual.L-Arginine is associated with a decrease in cardiac index while stroke index is maintained in patients with severe sepsis. Resolution of shock at 72 hours is achieved by 40% and 24% of the patients in the L-Arginine and placebo cohorts, respectively. L-Arginine (450 mg/kg during a 15-minute period) amplifies and sustains the hyperemia (38%) and increases absolute brain blood flow after eNOS upregulation by chronic simvastatin treatment (2 mg/kg subcutaneously, daily for 14 days) in SV-129 mice.
Enterostatin, human, mouse, rat is a pentapeptide that reduces fat intake.
Cimiracemoside D is a natural product found in Actaea racemosa with unknown details.
Calcifediol is a major circulating metabolite of vitamin D3, acting as a competitive inhibitor with an apparent Ki of 3.9 μM, suppresses PTH secretion and mRNA (ED50=2 nM).
Cinobufotalin is one of the bufadienolides prepared from toad venom; has anticancer activity.IC50 value:Target:in vitro: Cinobufotalin(CB) caused significant DNA fragmentation, decrease of MMP, and an increase in the intracellular Ca(2+) ion and ROS production. In addition, CB induced upregulation of Fas protein, proteolytic activation of cytochrome c, caspase-2, -3, -8 and -9 together with the activation of Bid and Bax [1]. cinobufotalin displayed considerable cytotoxicity against lung cancer cells (A549, H460 and HTB-58 lines) without inducing significant cell apoptosis. cinobufotalin mainly induces Cyp-D-dependent non-apoptotic death in cultured lung cancer cells [2]. cinobufotalin (at nmol/L) significantly inhibited HCC cell growth and survival while inducing considerable cell apoptosis. Further, cinobufotalin inhibited sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) activity and induced pro-apoptotic ceramide production. cinobufotalin inactivated Akt-S6K1 signaling in HepG2 cells, which was again inhibited by ceramide synthase-1 shRNA-depletion [3].in vivo: Using a mice xenograft model, we found that cinobufotalin inhibited A549 lung cancer cell growth in vivo [2].