DNQX (FG 9041) disodium salt, a quinoxaline derivative, is a selective, potent competitive non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist (IC50s = 0.5, 2 and 40 μM for AMPA, kainate and NMDA receptors, respectively)[1].
LY2365109 is a potent and selective GlyT1 inhibitors with IC50 value of 15.8 nM.target: GlyT1[1]IC 50: 15.8 nM [1]In vivo: The reference for LY2365109 is 0.3 or 30 mg/kg by PO. LY2365109 appeared slightly more potent than ALX5407 over the dose-range tested on CSF levels of glycine in the ratLY2365109 can act to potentiate NMDA function in the PFC but also mediate sustained inhibition of GlyT1 transporters in caudal areas of the brain.[1] LY2365109 increased seizure thresholds in mice. Importantly, chronic seizures in the mouse model of TLE were robustly suppressed by systemic administration of the GlyT1 inhibitor LY2365109. [2]
GYKI 52466 dihydrochloride is a potent, selective, orally active and non-competitive kainate- and AMPA-activated currents antagonist with IC50s of 7.5 μM and 11 μM, respectively. GYKI 52466 dihydrochloride is inactive against N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or γ-aminobutyric acid responses. GYKI 52466 dihydrochloride ia a muscle relaxant and anticonvulsant agent, and has good blood brain barrier permeability[1][2].
Cyproheptadine hydrochloride sesquihydrate is an antihistamine and is an antagonist of serotonin and histamine2.
MAO-B-IN-13 (compound 12a) is a highly potent, reversible and blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetrant MAO-B inhibitor with an IC50 value of 10 nM. MAO-B-IN-13 has neuroprotective and antioxidant activity. MAO-B-IN-13 can be used for researching Parkinson’s disease[1].
Salsolidine hydrochloride, a tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid, acts as a stereoselective competitive MAO A (monoamine oxidase A) inhibitor.
L-Glutamic acid-13C2 is the 13C labeled L-Glutamic acid[1]. L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals[2].
Pralidoxime chloride is a useful agent in the treatment of organophosphate poisoning. Pralidoxime binds to organophosphate-inactivated acetylcholinesterase, used to combat poisoning by organophosphates or acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (nerve agents) in conjunction with atropine and diazepam.
Dexetimide ((+)-Benzetimide) is a high-affinity muscarinic receptor antagonist and a potent and persistent anticholinergic agent used to treat neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism[1].
UCSF648 (Compound 5A6-48) is a chemical probe for the 5-HT5A serotonin receptor. UCSF648 weakly activates ADRA2A and MTNR1A[1].
E2730 is a noncompetitive but selective inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter 1 (GAT1) with orally available and antiepileptic activity. E2730-mediated GAT1 inhibition is positively correlated with environmental GABA levels and selectively inhibits GAT1-mediated GABA uptake. E2730 (5-50 mg/kg; po) in rat amygdala ignition model, and in mouse cornea ignition (5-50 mg/kg), drug resistance 6Hz-44mA has demonstrated in vivo efficacy in models of psychomotor epilepsy (5-50 mg/kg), fragile X syndrome (2.5-300 mg/kg), and Dravet syndrome (10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg)[1].
Tiagabine hydrochloride hydrate is a potent and selective GABA uptake inhibitor, used as an anticonvulsant agent, with IC50s of 67, 446 and 182 nM for [3H]GABA uptake in Synaptosomes, Neurons and Glia, respectively[1].
Rilmenidine hemifumarate, an innovative antihypertensive agent, is an orally active, selective I1 imidazoline receptor agonist. Rilmenidine hemifumarate is an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist. Rilmenidine hemifumarate induces autophagy. Rilmenidine hemifumarate acts both centrally by reducing sympathetic overactivity and in the kidney by inhibiting the Na+/H+ antiport. Rilmenidine hemifumarate modulates proliferation and stimulates the proapoptotic protein Bax thus inducing the perturbation of the mitochondrial pathway and apoptosis in human leukemic K562 cells [1][2][3].
Flupentixol is a high potency thioxanthene with D1 and D2 dopamine receptor antagonism. Flupentixol is used in therapy of schizophrenia as well as in anxiolytic and depressive disorders[1][2].
Midafotel (SDZ-EAA 494) is a potent and comprtitive NMDA antagonist with an ED50 value of 39 nM. Midafotel causes intense stereotyped behaviors. Midafotel shows neuroprotective effects[1][2][3].
Isoprocarb-d3 is deuterium labeled Isoprocarb. Isoprocarb is carbamate insecticide that widely used to control rice paddy lice and leafhopper. Isoprocarb is also an AChE inhibitor[1].
Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and also acts as a co-agonist along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors.
Ondansetron(GR38032) is a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist used mainly as anantiemetic (to treat nausea and vomiting), often following chemotherapy.IC50 Value: Target: 5- HT3 Receptorin vitro: 5-HT evoked transient inward currents (EC50 = 3.4 microM; Hill coefficient = 1.8) that were blocked by the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ondansetron (IC50 = 103 pM) [1]. The 5-HT3A receptor antagonist ondansetron (0.3 nM) reversibly inhibited the 5-HT (30 microM) signal by 70% and at 3 nM it abolished the response [2].in vivo: Acute ondansetron administration at the lowest dose (0.1 mg/kg, IP) tested had no effect, while other doses (0.33 and 1 mg/kg, IP) produced improvements in auditory gating [3]. Different doses of ondansetron were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) at fixed times during the day to determine both the sublethal (TD50) and lethal (LD50) doses, which were, respectively, 3.7 +/- 0.6 mg/kg and 4.6 +/- 0.5 mg/kg [4]. ondansetron (0.25-1.0 mg/kg, subcutaneously) given before the challenge dose of ethanol (2.4 g/kg, intraperitoneally) injection, significantly and dose dependently attenuated the expression of sensitization. In addition, ondansetron (1.0 mg/kg, subcutaneously) given before ethanol injection on days 1, 4, 7, and 10 significantly blocked the development (days 1, 4, 7, and 10), and expression (day 15) of sensitization to the locomotor stimulant effect of ethanol injection [5]. Toxicity: Ondansetron may be safe in lower doses used to prevent nausea and vomiting in radiation treatment or postoperatively. However, as there is a report that a lower dose of ondansetron prolonged the QT interval in healthy volunteers, this needs to be clarified by the FDA [6].
PNU-282987 is a selective α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor(α7 nAChR) agonist with Ki of 26 nM; no affinity for α1β1γδ and α3β4 nAChRs (IC50 ≥ 60 μM).IC50 value: 26 nM(Ki) [1]Target: α7 nAChR agonistin vitro: Treatment with PNU-282987 resulted in an attenuation of neuroinflammation in the MPTP-lesioned SN. Furthermore, PNU-282987 attenuated MPTP-induced dopaminergic cell loss in the SN and reduced striatal dopamine depletion [3].in vivo: Mice were subjected to 70% partial hepatic I/R for 60 min and pretreated with either vehicle or with PNU-282987, and blood and hepatic tissue samples were collected at 3, 6, and 12 h following reperfusion. pretreatment with PNU-282987 decreased serum transaminase levels and ameliorated liver injury after hepatic I/R. Moreover, pretreatment with PNU-282987 suppressed NF-κB activation, cytokine production (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β), and HMGB1 expression in liver after hepatic I/R [2]. Mice treated with 2.5 and 10 mg/kg of PNU devoted less time to rearing into open arms. In the HB task, MC mice displayed higher exploratory activity reflected in more head-dips (HD) during the first minute than EE and SE, whereas EE displayed low exploration levels reflected in total HD (5 min) [4].
α-Conotoxin GIC is a potent and selective α3β2 nicotinic antagonist with an IC50 of 1.1 nM[1].
RE (EDANS) EVNLDAEFK (DABCYL) R is an EDANS and DABCYL double-labeled peptide，serves as a fluorescent substrate for BACE1(Em=360nm，Ex=528nm). RE (EDANS) EVNLDAEFK (DABCYL) R can be used for BACE1 activity measurement and the enzyme activity level is directly proportional to the fluorescence reaction[1].
Substance P-Gly-Lys-Arg, also known as β-Preprotachykinin (58-71), is an analog of Substance P (Substance P (HY-P0201))[1].
Vigabatrin Hcl(γ-Vinyl-GABA; Sabril) is a structural analog of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that irreversibly inhibits the catabolism of GABA by GABA transaminase.IC50 value:Target: GABA transaminaseClinical studies have shown that vigabatrin is superior to placebo in decreasing the frequency of infantile spasms. In tuberous sclerosis, vigabatrin may be considered the first-line treatment for IS. The mode of action is increasing concentrations of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in the brain.A significant increase in seizure threshold was observed following systemic (i.p.) administration of high (600 or 1200 mg/kg) doses of vigabatrin. Bilateral microinjection of vigabatrin (10 μg) into either the anterior or posterior SNr also increased seizure threshold, but less markedly than systemic treatment.
Monarsen (EN101) is a synthetic 20-base antisense oligodeoxynucleotide directed against the human AChE gene. Monarsen is used in the study of Autoimmune myasthenia gravis (MG), a neuromuscular disorder caused by autoantibodies directed against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR).
β-CGRP, human is one of calcitonin peptides, acts via the complex of calcitonin-receptor-like receptor (CRLR) and receptor-activity-modifying protein (RAMP), with IC50s of 1 nM and 300 nM for CRLR/RAMP1 and CRLR/RAMP2 in cells.
Desmethoxyyangonin is one of the six major kavalactones found in the Piper methysticum (kava) plant; reversible inhibitor of MAO-B.
GP3269 is a potent, selective, and orally active inhibitor of human adenosine kinase (AK) with an IC50 of 11 nM. GP3269 exhibits anticonvulsant activity in rats[1].
Methylbenactyzium Bromide is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) inhibitor.
Neboglamine (CR-2249, XY-2401) hydrochloride is an orally active NMDA receptor glycine site positive modulator that can be used in schizophrenia research[1].
Benactyzine hydrochloride is a butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitor with a Ki of 0.010 mM.