γ-Acetylenic GABA (4-Aminohex-5-ynoic acid) is an irreversible inhibitor of GABA-transaminase. γ-Acetylenic GABA can increase the concentration of GABA in rat brain[1][2][3].
Guvacine hydrobromide, an alkaloid found in the nut of Areca catechu, is a potent GABA uptakp inhibitor. Guvacine hydrobromide inhibits rat GAT-1, rat GAT-2 and rat GAT-3 with IC50 values of 39 μM, 58 μM and 378 μM, respectively[1].
Chrysophanol-1-O-β-gentiobioside, an anthraquinone glycoside isolated from Cassia obtusifolia seeds. Chrysophanol-1-O-β-gentiobioside shows selective inhibition of hMAO-A isozyme activity (IC50=96.15 μM)[1].
Eptazocine (Sedapain) is a κ-opioid receptor agonist and μ-opioid receptor antagonist. Eptazocine has the effect of relieving pain[1].
Tridihexethyl (Pathilon) chloride is an orally active anticholinergic agent and mAChR antagonist, shows activities of antimuscarinic and anticholinergic. Tridihexethyl chloride shows pronounced antispasmodic and antisecretory effects on the gastrointestinal tract. Tridihexethyl chloride can be used in studies of peptic ulcer disease and acquired nystagmus [1][2].
Acetylshikonin, derived from the root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, has anti-cancer and antiinflammation activity. Acetylshikonin is a non-selective cytochrome P450 inhibitor against all P450s (IC50 values range from 1.4-4.0 μM). Acetylshikonin is an AChE inhibitor and exhibits potent antiapoptosis activity[1][2][3].
Paliperidone palmitate (9-Hydroxyrisperidone palmitate), an atypical long-acting antipsychotic agent, is an ester prodrug of Paliperidone. Paliperidone is a dopamine antagonist and 5-HT2A antagonist of the atypical antipsychotic class. Paliperidone palmitate shows efficacy against schizophrenia[1].
Casopitant mesylate (GW679769B) is a potent, selective, brain permeable and orally active neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonist. Casopitant mesylate is a second in the class of antiemetics that acts to antagonise the emetogenic effect of substance P. Casopitant mesylate is also a substrate and a weak-to-moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4. Casopitant mesylate can be used for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV)[1][2].
Metergoline is a psychoactive drug of the ergoline chemical class which acts as a ligand for various serotonin and dopamine receptors.
Escitalopram is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) with Ki of 0.89 nM.Target: SSRIsEscitalopram, the S-enantiomer of citalopram, belongs to a class of antidepressant agents known as selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Escitalopram may be used to treat major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Escitalopram has no significant affinity for adrenergic (alpha1, alpha2, beta), cholinergic, GABA, dopaminergic, histaminergic, serotonergic (5HT1A, 5HT1B, 5HT2), or benzodiazepine receptors; antagonism of such receptors has been hypothesized to be associated with various anticholinergic, sedative, and cardiovascular effects for other psychotropic drugs. The chronic administration of escitalopram is found to downregulate brain norepinephrine receptors, as has been observed with other drugs effective in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Escitalopram does not inhibit monoamine oxidase.
Nipecotic acid ((±)-β-Homoproline) is a potent inhibitor of neuronal and glial-aminobutyric acid (GABA) uptake in vitro. Nipecotic acid can also directly activate GABAA-like chloride channels, with an EC50 of approximately 300 μM[1][2].
PF-04995274 is a potent, high-affinity, orally active and partial serotonin 4 receptor (5-HT4R) agonist. PF-04995274 has an EC50 range of 0.26-0.47 nM for human 5-HT4A/4B/4D/4E (Ki range of 0.15-0.46 nM), and has an EC50 range of 0.59-0.65 nM for rat 5-HT4S/4L/4E (Ki of 0.30 nM for rat 5-HT4S). PF-04995274 is brain penetrant and can be used to treat for cognitive disorders associated with Alzheimer＇s disease[1][2][3].
(-)-Bicuculline methochloride (l-Bicuculline methochloride) is a potent GABAA receptor antagonist. (-)-Bicuculline methochloride blocks afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs) mediated by Ca2+-activated K+ channels in various types of neurons[1].
α-Conotoxin PnIA, a potent and selective antagonist of the mammalian α7 nAChR, has the potential for the research of neurological conditions such as neuropathic pain and Alzheimer’s disease[1].
JHW007 hydrochloride is the hydrochloride of JHW007. JHW007 is an antagonist of cocaine[1].
Vincosamide, an alkaloid from Psychotria leiocarpa extract, inhibits the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity with anti-inflammatory activity[1].
RGH-560 (compound 53) shows highly advanced α7 nAChR positive modulator properties and favorable physicochemical features. RGH-560 has robust procognitive in vivo potential. RGH-560 can be used to study Scopolamine (HY-N0296) -induced amnesia in mice[1].
β-Amyloid (10-35), amide is composed of 26 aa (10-35 residues of the Aβ peptide) and is the primary component of the amyloid plaques of Alzheimer’s disease.
Pseudocoptisine (Isocoptisine) chloride is a quaternary alkaloid with benzylisoquinoline skeleton, was isolated from Corydalis Tuber. Pseudocoptisine chloride inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity with an IC50 of 12.8 μM. Anti-inflammatory and anti-amnestic effects[1][2].
MDL-29951 is a novel glycine antagonist of NMDA receptor activation, with Ki of 0.14 μM for [3H]glycine binding in vitro and in vivo.
Lupanine (D-Lupanine) hydrochloride is a natural ketonic derivative of Sparteine ((+)-Sparteine (HY-W008350)) with a ganglioplegic activity. Lupanine hydrochloride shows binding affinity for nicotinic receptor (nAChR) with a Ki value of 500 nM[1].
L-Glutamic acid-13C5 is the 13C-labeled L-Glutamic acid. L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.
Piperidolate is an antimuscarinic, inhibits intestinal cramp induced by acetylcholine (rats and dogs).
Withaphysalin D is a selective antagonist against the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) containing GluN2B. Withaphysalin D can be isolated from water lilies and has neuroprotective properties. Withaphysalin D is able to cross the blood-brain barrier[1].
Leptin (116-130) is a bioactive leptin fragment. Leptin (116-130) promotes AMPA receptor trafficking to synapses and facilitate activity-dependent hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Leptin (116-130) prevents hippocampal synaptic disruption and neuronal cell death in models of amyloid toxicity. Leptin (116-130) has the potential for the research of Alzheimer's disease (AD)[1].
Chrodrimanin B, a metabolite of a fungal, is a potent, non-open-channel-blocking antagonist on B. mori GABAR RDL with an IC50 of 1.13 nM. Chrodrimanin B attenuates the peak current amplitude of the GABA response of RDL with an IC50 of 1.66 nM. Chrodrimanin B, a meroterpenoid, shows insecticidal activity[1].
K 01-162 (K162) binds and destabilizes AβO (β-amyloid), with an EC50 of 80 nM. IC50 value: 80 nM (EC50)Target: Amyloid-βin vitro: The active drug candidate K162 (EC50 = 0.080 μM), stabilizes hydrophobic core I of Aβ42 peptide (residues 17-21) to its α-helical conformation by interacting specifically in this region. [1] K01-162 shows full MC65 protection at 125 nM, an EC50 of 80 nM, and no cytotoxicity up to 50 μM. [2]in vivo：K01-162 can reduce the brain amyloid burden that exists in both fibrillar and RIPA-soluble, non-fibrillar forms.[2]
IEM-1460 blocks both AMPA and NMDA glutamate receptor with anticonvulsant effect in vivo[1].
Acremoxanthone C is a potent calmodulin (CaM) inhibitor found in Purpureocillium lilacinum. Acremoxanthone C binds to the human calmodulin (hCaM) biosensor hCaM M124C-mBBr, with Kd of 18.25 nM[1].
Riminkefon is a kappa opioid receptor agonist[1].