(R)-Preclamol is a dopamine (DA) agonist with autoreceptor as well as postsynaptic receptor stimulatory properties. (R)-Preclamol inhibits the locomotor activity of mice and rats in low doses[1].
Chlorisondamine (diiodide) is a potent nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist and a ganglion blocker. Chlorisondamine antagonizes some of nicotine's central actions in a potent, long-lasting and pharmacologically selective way[1].
5-HT2 antagonist 1 is a potent antagonist of 5-HT2 receptor, with weak α1 adrenoceptor blocking activity.
Territrem B is an irreversible inhibitor of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. Territrem B is also a fungal meroterpenoid that can be isolated from Aspergillus terreus[1][2].
Prochlorperazine D8 is the deuterium labeled Prochlorperazine, which is a dopamine (D2) receptor antagonist.
GBLD345, a nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic agent, is a non- selective, potent GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator (PAM)[1].
Muscimol (Agarin; Agarine) hydrochloride is an isoxazole with psychoactive activity. Muscimol hydrochloride is also a selective agonist of the inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA ionotropic receptors. Muscimol hydrochloride can be isolated from from Amanita muscaria and related mushrooms. All in all, Muscimol is a potent GABAA receptors agonist (EC50=0.2 μM), a partial GABACreceptors agonist, and an inactive GABAB receptors agonist. Muscimol hydrochloride has calming, anti-anxiety and hallucinatory effects[1].
L-Cysteine S-sulfate is a potent N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamatergic receptors agonist. L-Cysteine S-sulfate is the substrate for cystine lyase[1].
Bromperidol is a butyrophenone derivative, is a potent and long-acting neuroleptic, used as an antipsychotic in the treatment of schizophrenia.
Isogarcinol (Cambogin) is a potent AChE and BChE inhibitor, with IC50 values of 1.13 and 8.30 μM, respectively. Isogarcinol also shows leishmanicidal activity, with an IC50 of 0.33 μM against L. donovani[1].
Alosetron is a Serotonin 5HT3-receptor antagonist that is used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.IC50 Value: N/ATarget: 5-HT ReceptorAlosetron has an antagonist action on the 5-HT3 receptors of the enteric nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract. While being a 5-HT3 antagonist like ondansetron, it is not classified or approved as an antiemetic. Since stimulation of 5-HT3 receptors is positively correlated with gastrointestinal motility, alosetron's 5-HT3 antagonism slows the movement of fecal matter through the large intestine, increasing the extent to which water is absorbed, and decreasing the moisture and volume of the remaining waste products. From Wikipedia.
Clocapramine is an antagonist of the D2, 5-HT2A receptors.
Indeloxazine hydrochloride is a 5-HT receptor and norepinephrine (NE) reuptake inhibitor. Indeloxazine hydrochloride is an antidepressant and cerebral activator[1].
Spiramide (AMI-193) is a potent and selective antagonist of 5-HT2 and dopamine D2 receptor, with Kis of 2 nM and 3 nM, respectively. Spiramide has >2000-fold selectivity for 5-HT2 versus 5-HT1C (Ki=4300 nM) receptors. Spiramide exhibits antipsychotic activity[1][2][3].
Contezolid acefosamil sodium (MRX-4), a new and orally active oxazolidinone, is an antibiotic in study for complicated skin and soft tissue infections (cSSTI) caused by resistant Gram-positive bacteria. Contezolid acefosamil sodium (MRX-4) markedly reduces potential for myelosuppression and monoamine oxidase inhibition (MAOI)[1][2].
Fosnetupitant (Pronetupitant) a methylene phosphate prodrug of Netupitant. Fosnetupitant (Pronetupitant) exhibits a pKi of 9.5 for human NK1 receptor[1].
Safinamide mesylate mesylate (FCE 26743 mesylate; EMD 1195686 mesylate) is a potent, selective, and reversible monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor (IC50=0.098 µM) over MAO-A (IC50=580 µM)[1]. Safinamide mesylate also blocks sodium channels and modulates glutamate (Glu) release, showing a greater affinity at depolarized (IC50=8 µM) than at resting (IC50=262 µM) potentials. Safinamide mesylate has neuroprotective and neurorescuing effects and can be used for the study of parkinson disease, ischemia stroke etc.al[2][3].
Aramisulpride is a dopamine D2 receptor and serotonin receptor antagonist used for the research of metabolic disorders[1].
Ambenonium (WIN 8077) dichloride tetrahydrate is an orally active and reversible inhibitor of Acetyicholinesterase (AChE) with high affinity. Ambenonium dichloride tetrahydrate inhibits human AChE with an IC50 value of 0.7 nM (hAChE)[1][2].
Rilmenidine phosphate, an antihypertensive agent, is an orally active, selective I1 imidazoline receptor agonist. Rilmenidine phosphate acts both centrally by reducing sympathetic overactivity and in the kidney by inhibiting the Na+/H+ antiport. Rilmenidine phosphate induces autophagy. Rilmenidine phosphate is also an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist. Rilmenidine phosphate modulates proliferation and stimulates the proapoptotic protein Bax thus inducing the perturbation of the mitochondrial pathway and apoptosis in human leukemic K562 cells[1][2][3].
(R)-5-Hydroxymethyl Tolterodine(PNU-200577; Desfesoterodine) is a potent and selective muscarinic receptor antagonist with a Kb and a pA2 of 0.84 nM and 9.14, respectively. IC50 value: 0.84 nM (Kb)Target: mAChR(R)-5-Hydroxymethyl Tolterodine is a major pharmacologically active metabolite of tolterodine. In vitro, (R)-5-Hydroxymethyl Tolterodine prevented carbachol-induced contraction of guinea-pig isolated urinary bladder strips in a competitive and concentration-dependent manner. In vivo, (R)-5-Hydroxymethyl Tolterodine was significantly more potent at suppressing acetylcholine-induced urinary bladder contraction than electrically induced salivation in the anaesthetised cat (ID50=15 and 40 nmol/kg, respectively). In radioligand binding studies carried out in homogenates of guinea-pig tissues and Chinese hamster ovary cell lines expressing human muscarinic m1-m5 receptors, (R)-5-Hydroxymethyl Tolterodine was not selective for any muscarinic receptor subtype. Thus, (R)-5-Hydroxymethyl Tolterodine is similar to tolterodine in terms of antimuscarinic potency, functional selectivity for the urinary bladder in vivo and absence of selectivity for muscarinic receptor subtypes in vitro. The results of this study clearly indicate that (R)-5-Hydroxymethyl Tolterodine contributes to the therapeutic action of tolterodine, in view of its high antimuscarinic potency, similar serum concentration and lower degree of protein binding.
D-AP4 (D-APB; D-2-Amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid), a phosphono analogue of glutamate, is an NMDA broad spectrum excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist. D-AP4 also is an agonist for a quisqualate-sensitized AP6 site in hippocampus. D-AP4 inhibits AMPA receptor-stimulated 57Co2+ influx in cultured cerebellar granule cells (IC50 ≥ 100 μM)[1][2][3].
AT-121 hydrochloride is a bifunctional nociception and mu opioid receptor agonist, with Kis of 3.67 and 16.49 nM, respectively. AT-121 hydrochloride is a safe, non-addictive analgesic, and shows antinociceptive and antiallodynic effects[1].
Catharanthine inhibits nicotinic receptor mediated diaphragm contractions with IC50 of 59.6 μM.Target: nAChRCatharanthine evokes a concentration-dependent attenuation of carbachol responses in the rat ileum preparation, producing rightward curve displacements and decreases in maximal agonist responses. The mixture of serpentine, plus ajmalicine and catharanthine reveals a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect of acethylcholinesterase (AchE), with an IC50 at ca. 2.25 μg/Ml [1]. Catharanthine can induce the self-association of tubulin into linear indefinite polymers with an efficacy that is 75% that of vinblastine or vincristine. Catharanthine binds to tubulin alpha-beta dimer with binding constant of 2.8 mM [2]. Catharanthine stimulates release of amylase from pancreatic fragments and to cause extensive degranulation of pancreatic acinar cells with accumulation of membrane material in the Golgi region. Catharanthine induces a delayed release of Ca2+ from prelabeled pancreatic fragments as compared to bethanechol [3]. Catharanthine inhibits epibatidine-induced Ca(2+) influx in TE671-α, -β, -γ, -δ cells in a noncompetitive manner with similar potencies IC50 of 17 mM-25 mM. Catharanthine inhibits [3H]TCP binding to the desensitized Torpedo AChR with higher affinity compared to the resting AChR. Catharanthine enhances [3H]cytisine binding to resting but activatable Torpedo AChRs, suggesting desensitizing properties [4].
Venlafaxine-d6-1 is deuterium labeled Venlafaxine. Venlafaxine (Wy 45030) is an orally active, potent serotonin (5-HT)/norepinephrine (NE) reuptake dual inhibitor. Venlafaxine is an antidepressant[1].
MR2938 is a potent AChE inhibitor, with an IC50 of 5.04 μM. MR2938 also suppresses NO production obviously (IC50 = 3.29 μM). MR2938 suppresses the neuroinflammation through blocking MAPK/JNK and NF-κB signaling pathways. MR2938 can be used for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) research[1].
MEN 15596 is a potent and selective tachykinin NK2 receptor antagonist with a pKi of 10.1.
(+)-Norfenfluramine hydrochloride, a major hepatic metabolite of (+)-fenfluramine, is a selective 5-HT2B receptor agonist (Ki: 11.2 nM). (+)-Norfenfluramine hydrochloride potently stimulates the hydrolysis of inositol phosphates and increases intracellular Ca2+. (+)-Norfenfluramine hydrochloride can be used for the research of primary pulmonary hypertension and valvular heart disease[1].
Homatropine is an orally active muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist and can be used as an anticholinergic agent[1].
S 18986 is a selective, orally active, brain penetrant positive allosteric modulator of AMPA-type receptors. S 18986 shows cognitive enhancing properties in rodents. S 18986 activates the release of noradrenaline and acetylcholine in rat hippocampus and enhances rat memory in object-recognition tests[1][2].