N2,N2-Dimethylguanosine is an urinary nucleoside, a primary degradation product of tRNA.
L-Aspartic acid is is an amino acid, shown to be a suitable prodrug for colon-specific drug deliverly.
Spectinomycin Dihydrochloride is a new parenteral antibiotic prepared from Streptomyces spectabilis.Target: AntibacterialSpectinomycin is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of gonorrhea. Spectinomycin binds to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and interrupts protein synthesis. One form of resistance has emerged in the 16S ribosomal RNA in Pasteurella multocida [1]. It is given by injection to treat gonorrhea, especially in patients who are allergic to penicillins. A resistance-conferring gene for spectinomycin can also be used as a selection marker in bacteria for molecular cloning purposes. Furthermore, Spectinomycin is used as a selection agent for transformed plant cells that contain the selectable marker gene Spcr [2].
Uric acid is an endogenous antioxidant that scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) including singlet oxygen, oxygen radicals, and peroxynitrite.
H-Phe-Phe-OH is a peptide made of two phenylalanine molecules; Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid and the precursor for the amino acid tyrosine.
Silvestrol is a eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A (eIF4A) inhibitor isolated from the fruits and twigs of Aglaia foveolata.
Substance P is a neuropeptide, acting as a neurotransmitter and as a neuromodulator.The endogenous receptor for substance P is neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1-receptor, NK1R). Sequence: Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2.
Ligustilide is an effective constituent extracted from Angelica sinensis.IC50 value:Target:In vitro: To investigate the neuroprotective of ligustilide (LIG) against glutamate-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells, cell viability were examined by MTT assay. Pretreatment with ligustilide (1, 5, 15 μmol · L(-1)) significantly improved cell viability. The apoptosis rate in glutamate-induced PC12 cells was 13.39%, and decreased in the presence of ligustilide (1, 5, 15 μmol · L(-1)) by 9.06%, 6.48%, 3.82%, separately. Extracellular accumulation of Ca2+ induced by glutamate were significantly reduced by ligustilide [1].In vivo:
5'-Methylthioadenosine is produced from S-adenosylmethionine and behaves as a powful inhibitory product.
2-(1-Methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethan-1-amine is a histamine (Him) metabolite.
Cholesteryl palmitate is a useful prognostic biomarker for chronic interstitial pneumonia (CIP).
27-Hydroxycholesterol is a selective estrogen receptor modulator and an agonist of the liver X receptor.
Isotretinoin(13-cis-Retinoic acid) is a medication used for the treatment of severe acne. It was first developed to be used as a chemotherapy medication for the treatment of brain cancer, pancreatic cancer and more.Target: RAR/RXRIsotretinoin has been the most effective and long-lasting drug for the treatment of severe acne for more than 30 years and can achieve long-term remission in 70-80% of patients after a single course. The new evidence-based European S3-guideline recommends the use of Isotretinoin as a first-line medication for the treatment of severe papulopustular or conglobate acne, especially when prognostically unfavorable factors are present: family history of acne, early onset, marked seborrhea, localization on the trunk, scarring, psychosocial disability or persistent/late-type acne [1]. Five patients with pityriasis rubra pilaris were treated with isotretinoin from September 1982 through 1985. Isotretinoin at an average dose of 1.16 mg/kg/day for 16 to 24 weeks caused complete or almost complete clearing in four of the five patients [2]. isotretinoin produces significant anti-inflammatory effects by inhibition of monocyte and neutrophil chemotaxis across intact biologic barriers in vivo [3]. Isotretinoin 5 mg/day is effective in reducing the number of acne lesions, and improving patients dermatologic quality of life, with minimal adverse effects [4]. Clinical indications: Acne Toxicity: Isotretinoin is teratogenic. It also causes mucocutaneous side effects suck as cheilitis, dry skin, and dry eyes.
Midecamycin, an acetoxy-substituted macrolide antibiotic, is tested against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
CEF4 is a peptide that corresponds to aa 342-351 of the influenza A virus nucleocapsid protein.
Prim-O-glucosylcimifugin exerts anti-inflammatory effects through the inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 expression by through regulating JAK2/STAT3 signaling.
Retinyl palmitate is an ester of Retinol and is the major form of vitamin A found in the epidermis. Retinyl palmitate has been widely used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations.
L-Glutamine is a non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in gastrointestinal disorders.Target: mGluRGlutamine (abbreviated as Gln or Q) is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the standard genetic code. It is not recognized as an essential amino acid, but may become conditionally essential in certain situations, including intensive athletic training or certain gastrointestinal disorders. Its side-chain is an amide formed by replacing the side-chain hydroxyl of glutamic acid with an amine functional group, making it the amide of glutamic acid. Its codons are CAA and CAG. In human blood, glutamine is the most abundant free amino acid, with a concentration of about 500-900 μmol/L. Glutamine is synthesized by the enzyme glutamine synthetase from glutamate and ammonia. The most relevant glutamine-producing tissue is the muscle mass, accounting for about 90% of all glutamine synthesized. Glutamine is also released, in small amounts, by the lung and the brain. Although the liver is capable of relevant glutamine synthesis, its role in glutamine metabolism is more regulatory than producing, since the liver takes up large amounts of glutamine derived from the gut. The most eager consumers of glutamine are the cells of intestines, the kidney cells for the acid-base balance, activated immune cells, and manycancer cells. In respect to the last point mentioned, different glutamine analogues, such as DON, Azaserine or Acivicin, are tested as anticancer drugs.
Salinomycin is an anticoccidial drug with potent anti-bacterial activity and an novel anticancer agent targeting human cancer stem cells.
Episilvestrol is a derivative of silvestrol, isolated from the fruits and twigs of Aglaia silvestris, and is a specific eIF4A-targeting translation inhibitor, with antitumor activity.
1-Methylguanosine is a methylated nucleoside.
4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid is an intermediate in the metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine.
Dibutyl phthalate is a commonly used plasticizer commonly found in some food packaging materials, personal care products, and the coating of oral medications[1]. May cause toxicity and adverse neurobehavioral effects[2][3].
Xanthorrhizol, isolated from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb, is a potential antibacterial agent.
L-Epinephrine is a hormone secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands. L-Epinephrine is an α-adrenergic and β-adrenergic receptor agonist.
Malotilate is a liver protein metabolism improved compound, which selectively inhibit the 5-lipoxygenase. IC50 Value:Target: 5-lipoxygenasein vitro: In an in vitro invasion assay using rat lung endothelial (RLE) cells, invasion of tumor cells which had been treated with MT (10 ng/ml, 24 h) was not affected; however, when RLE cells had been treated with MT, invasion was significantly inhibited in three cell lines (SAS, Ca9-22 and HSC-4) and a tendency to inhibition was also observed in other cell lines [1].in vivo: The improvement rates for choline esterase activity were significantly greater in the malotilate group than in the control group. Serum albumin levels significantly increased in the malotilate group but not in the control group [2]. In the rats treated with MT for 19 days after i.v. inoculation of c-SST-2 cells, lung metastasis was also significantly suppressed [3]. Malotilate prevented increases in serum markers of type III and IV collagen synthesis as well as accumulation of the collagens, laminin and fibronectin in the liver [4].Toxicity: Malotilate cytotoxicity to PBMCs, assessed by trypan blue dye exclusion and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release into the culture media, was found to be markedly increased by the addition of the NADPH generating system, indicating that metabolites play a significant role in toxicity [5].
Kassinin is a peptide derived from the Kassina frog. It belongs to tachykinin family of neuropeptides. It is secreted as a defense response, and is involved in neuropeptide signalling.
(±) Anabasine is a biphasic muscle relaxant.