(±)-Vesamicol hydrochloride ((±)-AH5183 hydrochloride) is a potent vesicular acetylcholine transport inhibitor with a Ki of 2 nM. (±)-Vesamicol hydrochloride also displays high affinity for σ1 and σ2 receptors with Kis of 26 nM and 34 nM, respectively[1][2].
AChE/BChE-IN-3 (BMC-1) is a dual AChE and BChE inhibitor with IC50 values of 6.08 μM and 0.383 μM against electric eel AChE (elAChE) and equine serum BChE (eqBChE), respectively[1].
Nebracetam hydrochloride, a nootropic M1-muscarinic agonist, induces a rise of intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Nebracetam hydrochloride exhibits an EC50 of 1.59 mM for elevating [Ca2+]i[1].
ThioLox is a competitive 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1) inhibitor with a Ki of 3.30 μM. ThioLox shows anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties[1].
DPQ is a potent PARP-1 inhibitor. DPQ can reduce the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-induced PARP activation, restoring ATP to near control levels and significantly attenuating neuronal injury in the severe NMDA exposure model. DPQ can be used for researching neuroprotection[1].
Exendin-3 is a biologically active peptides isolated from venoms of the Gila monster lizards, Heloderma horridurn .
Rimegepant (BMS-927711) is a highly potent, oral calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist with a Ki value of 0.027 nM.
5-O-Demethylnobiletin (5-Demethylnobiletin), a polymethoxyflavone isolated from Sideritis tragoriganum, is a direct inhibition of 5-LOX (IC50=0.1 μM), without affecting the expression of COX-2. 5-O-Demethylnobiletin (5-Demethylnobiletin) has anti-inflammatory activity, inhibits leukotriene B (4)(LTB4) formation in rat neutrophils and elastase release in human neutrophils with an IC50 of 0.35 μM[1].5-O-Demethylnobiletin (5-demethylnobiletin) promotes neuritogenesis through the activation of MAPK/ERK-, PKC-, and PKA-dependent signaling pathways[2].
Lasmiditan (COL-144; LY573144) is a high-affinity, highly selective 5-HT1F receptor agonist(Ki=2.1 nM), compared with Ki of 1043 nM and 1357 nM at the 5-HT(1B) and 5-HT(1D) receptors, respectively.IC50 value: 2.1 nM (Ki, 5-HT1F); >1000 nM (Ki, 5-HT1B/5-HT1D) [1]Target: 5-HT1F receptorin vitro: In vitro binding studies Lasmiditan showed a K(i) value of 2.21 nM at the 5-HT(1F) receptor, compared with K(i) values of 1043 nM and 1357 nM at the 5-HT(1B) and 5-HT(1D) receptors, respectively, a selectivity ratio greater than 470-fold. Lasmiditan showed higher selectivity for the 5-HT(1F) receptor relative to other 5-HT(1) receptor subtypes than the first generation 5-HT(1F) receptor agonist LY334370. Unlike the 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist sumatriptan, lasmiditan did not contract rabbit saphenous vein rings, a surrogate assay for human coronary artery constriction, at concentrations up to 100 μM [1].in vivo: In two rodent models of migraine, oral administration of lasmiditan potently inhibited markers associated with electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion (dural plasma protein extravasation, and induction of the immediate early gene c-Fos in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis) [1]. Two RCTs in the phase II development of lasmiditan was reviewed. In the intravenous placebo-controlled RCT, lasmiditan doses of 2.5-45 mg were used, and there was a linear association between headache relief (HR) rates and dose levels (P < 0.02). For lasmiditan 20 mg, HR was 64 % and for placebo it was 45 % (NS). In the oral placebo-controlled RCT, lasmiditan doses of 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg were used. For HR, all doses of lasmiditan were superior to placebo (P < 0.05). For lasmiditan 400 mg, HR was 64 % and it was 25 % for placebo. Adverse events (AEs) emerging from the treatment were reported by 22 % of the patients receiving placebo and by 65, 73, 87 and 87 % of patients receiving 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg, respectively [2].
Dioxone is a substance possessing convulsant properties qualitatively similar to leptazol and bemegride. Dioxone is orally active[1].
Lerisetron is a potent 5-HT3 antagonists and possess high-affinity binding for the 5-HT3 receptors with pKi value of 9.2. Lerisetron has a potent ability to inhibit the 5-HT-evoked reflex bradycardia in urethane-anesthetized rats[1].
Ivachtin (Caspase-3 Inhibitor VII; compound 7a) is a nonpeptide, noncompetitive and reversibl caspase-3 inhibitor with an IC50 of 23 nM. Ivachtin has modest selectivity for the remaining caspases[1].
Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) the magnesium-dependent transfer of methyl groups from S-adenosyl methionine to a hydroxyl group on dopamine, converting it to 3-methoxytyramine. Catechol O-methyltransferase has two forms in tissues, a soluble form (S-COMT) and a membrane-bound form (MB-COMT). Catechol O-methyltransferase is to regulate epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine levels in the brain[1].
Phenytoin is an inactive voltage-gated sodium channel stabilizer.Target: Sodium ChannelPhenytoin is an antiepileptic drug. It is useful to treat partial seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures but not primary generalized seizures such as absence seizures or myoclonic seizures. Phenytoin is believed to protect against seizures by causing voltage-dependent block of voltage-gated sodium channels [1]. Phenytoin has low affinity for resting sodium channels at hyperpolarized membrane potentials [2]. When neurons are depolarized and the channels transition into the open and inactivated states, greater binding and block occur. The inhibitory potency is strongly use dependent, so that block accumulates with prolonged or repetitive activation, such as occurs during a seizure discharge. The blocking of sodium channels by phenytoin is of slow onset. The time course of fast sodium currents is therefore not altered in the presence of the drug and action potentials evoked by synaptic depolarizations of ordinary duration are not blocked. Thus phenytoin is able to selectively inhibit pathological hyperexcitability in epilepsy without unduly impairing ongoing activity. Phenytoin also blocks persistent sodium current and this may be of particular importance in seizure control. Phenytoin is a class 1b antiarrhythmic [3].
Oliceridine hydrochloride (TRV130 hydrochloride) is a G protein biased μ opioid receptor agonist with an pEC50 of 8.1.
Bradanicline is a highly selective α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist (humanα7 nAChR: EC50=17 nM; Ki= 1.4 nM). Bradanicline is used for the research of cognitive disorders[1][2].
GPR88-IN-1 is a GPR88 inhibitor, and can be used for research of central diseases[1].
(Rac)-5-Hydroxymethyl Tolterodine ((Rac)-Desfesoterodine) hydrochloride, an active metabolite of Tolterodine, is a mAChR antagonist (Ki values of 2.3 nM, 2 nM, 2.5 nM, 2.8 nM, and 2.9 nM for M1, M2, M3, M4, and M5 receptors, respectively). (Rac)-5-Hydroxymethyl Tolterodine hydrochloride can be used for overactive bladder research[1].
1-Aminocyclobutanecarboxylic acid is a NMDA receptor partial agonist acting at the glycine site, NR1[1].
Zenarestat is a potent and orally active aldose reductase inhibitor. Zenarestat improves diabetic peripheral neuropathy in Zucker diabetic fatty rats[1].
Scyllo-Inositol, an amyloid inhibitor, potentialy inhibits α-synuclein aggregation. Scyllo-Inositol stabilizes a non-fibrillar non-toxic form of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ42) in vitro, reverses cognitive deficits, and reduces synaptic toxicity and loweres amyloid plaques in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model[1].
Dehydrogeijerin is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase with an IC50 of 9.7 μM. Dehydrogeijerin can be used in study Alzheimer’s disease[1].
Nalmefene is a long acting opioid (MOR and DOR antagonist), and a partial KOR agonist. Nalmefene is used for opioid overdose and alcohol dependence[1].
(±)-5'-Chloro-5'-deoxy-ENBA is an agonist of A1AR. (±)-5'-Chloro-5'-deoxy-ENBA produces hypothermia in mice[1].
Vinyl-L-NIO hydrochloride is a potent nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor. Vinyl-L-NIO hydrochloride inhibits the activity of NOS, reducing the production of nitric oxide[1].
(+)-Intermedine, a pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA), exhibits significant cytotoxicity in neural progenitor cells (NPCs)[1].
HDAC6-IN-6 (compound 6a) is a potent and BBB-penetrated HDAC6 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 0.025 μM. HDAC6-IN-6 exhibits strong inhibitory activity against Aβ1-42 self-aggregation and AChE, with IC50 values of 3.0 and 0.72 μM. HDAC6-IN-6 can enhance neurite outgrowth without significant neurotoxicity[1].
Histamine is an organic nitrogenous compound involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter.
Eplivanserin is a potent, selective and orally available 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, with an IC50 of 5.8 nM in rat cortical membrane, and a Kd of 1.14 nM.
WAY-100635 Maleate is a potent and selective 5-HT1A Receptor antagonist with a pIC50 of 8.87, an apparent pA2 of 9.71.