Adenine is a purine derivative and a nucleobase with a variety of roles in biochemistry. Target: Nucleoside antimetabolite/analogAdenine is a nucleobase with a variety of roles in biochemistry including cellular respiration, in the form of both the energy-rich adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), andprotein synthesis, as a chemical component of DNA and RNA. The shape of adenine is complementary to either thymine in DNA or uracil in RNA.In older literature, adenine was sometimes called Vitamin B4. It is no longer considered a true vitamin or part of the Vitamin B complex. However, two B vitamins, niacin and riboflavin, bind with adenine to form the essential cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), respectively. Hermann Emil Fischer was one of the early scientists to study adenine. Experiments performed in 1961 by Joan Oró have shown that a large quantity of adenine can be synthesized from the polymerization of ammonia with fivehydrogen cyanide (HCN) molecules in aqueous solution, whether this has implications for the origin of life on Earth is under debate.
Deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP), a nucleoside triphosphate, is a raw material in DNA synthesis. Deoxycytidine triphosphate has many applications, such as real-time PCR, cDNA synthesis, and DNA sequencing.
1-Kestose, the smallest fructooligosaccharide component, which efficiently stimulates Faecalibacterium prausnitzii as well as Bifidobacteria.
Complanatoside A is a flavonol glycoside isolated from Astragalus complanatus, and currently it is used as a quality control index for A. complanatus in the 2010 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.
Allopurinol riboside, a metabolite of allopurinol, shows potent activities against parasites.
Hyaluronic acid sodium salt is a biopolymer composed of repeating units of disaccharides with various applications.
β-nicotinamide mononucleotide is an intermediate in NAD+ biosynthesis produced from nicotinamide (NAM) and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) by nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase enzyme.
Betanin has potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect, that could inhibit peroxynitrite (ONOO-), with an IC50 of 19.2 μM. Betanin is a red glycoside obtained from beets that can be used as colorant.
Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is a potential free radical generator and could be used as an indicator of hypoxia.
Thymine is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA and can be a target for actions of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in cancer treatment, with a Km of 2.3 μM.
Cimiside B, a glycoside alkaloid, isolated from the rhizome of Cimicifuga dahurica.
Arabinitol, D- is a polyol and its accumulation may cause a neurotoxic effect in human.
Aurothioglucose (Gold thioglucose) is a well known active-site inhibitor of TrxR1, inhibited TrxR1 activity in HeLa cell cytosol but had no effect on the viability of the cells.IC50 value:Target: TrxR1in vitro: Trx1 redox state and ROS generation were measured in cells exposed to the TrxR1 inhibitors aurothioglucose (ATG) and monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)) and in cells depleted of TrxR1 activity by siRNA knock down [1].in vivo: Adult mice received a single intratracheal dose of 0.375 μg/g lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 12 h before a single intraperitoneal injection of 25 mg/kg ATG. Control mice received intratracheal and/or intraperitoneal saline. ATG treatment significantly attenuated lung injury, increased lung GCLM expression and GSH levels, and decreased mortality. GSH depletion completely prevented the protective effects of ATG in LPS/hyperoxia-exposed mice [2].
α-L-Rhamnose monohydrate is a component of the plant cell wall pectic polysaccharides rhamnogalacturonan I and rhamnogalacturonan II. α-L-Rhamnose monohydrate is also a component of bacterial polysaccharides where it plays an important role in pathogenicity.
Acetyl Perisesaccharide C is an oligosaccharide, which is isolated from the root barks of Periploca sepium.
2'-Deoxycytidine, a deoxyribonucleoside, could inhibit biological effects of Bromodeoxyuridine (Brdu).
Ribitol is a crystalline pentose alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose. Enhancing the flux of D-glucose to the pentose phosphate pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of D-ribose and ribitol.
Digitonin, a glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea, could increase cell permeability by binding to cholesterol molecules and reduce tumor growth.
Adenosine is a nucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribose sugar molecule (ribofuranose) moiety via a β-N9-glycosidic bond.Target: Nucleoside antimetabolite/analogAdenosine plays an important role in biochemical processes, such as energy transfer — as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) — as well as in signal transduction as cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cAMP. It is also an inhibitory neurotransmitter, believed to play a role in promoting sleep and suppressing arousal. Adenosine also plays a role in regulation of blood flow to various organs through vasodilation.Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside that modulates many physiological processes. Cellular signaling by adenosine occurs through four known adenosine receptor subtypes. Extracellular adenosine concentrations from normal cells are approximately 300 nM; however, in response to cellular damage (e.g. in inflammatory or ischemic tissue), these concentrations are quickly elevated (600–1,200 nM). Thus, in regard to stress or injury, the function of adenosine is primarily that of cytoprotection preventing tissue damage during instances of hypoxia, ischemia, and seizure activity. Activation of A2A receptors produces a constellation of responses that in general can be classified as anti-inflammatory.
Glucosamine is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids, is used as a dietary supplement.
Perisesaccharide C is an oligosaccharide isolated from the root barks of Periploca sepium.
Isomaltose is composed of two glucose units and suitable as a non-cariogenic sucrose replacement and is favorable in products for diabetics and prediabetic dispositions.
Theviridoside is a natural iridoid glucoside found in the leaves of Cerbera odollam, it has cytotoxicity.
N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine is a monosaccharide derivative of glucose.
1F-Fructofuranosylnystose can be used in the synthesis of Fructooligosaccharides (FOSs). Fructooligosaccharides exhibit lots of beneficial effects on our health and have been used as food ingredients.
Fraxin isolated from Acer tegmentosum, F. ornus or A. hippocastanum, is a glucoside of fraxetin and reported to exert potent anti-oxidative stress action[1], anti-inflammatory and antimetastatic properties. Fraxin shows its antioxidative effect through inhibition of cyclo AMP phosphodiesterase enzyme[2].