L-Methionine is the L-isomer of Methionine, an essential amino acid for human development. Methionine acts as a hepatoprotectant.
Anandamide is an immune modulator in the central nervous system acts via not only cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) but also other targets (e.g., GPR18/GPR55).
Phenylacetylglutamine is a colonic microbial metabolite from amino acid fermentation.
Oligomycin A, created by Streptomyces, acts as a mitochondrial F0F1-ATPase inhibitor, with a Ki of 1 μM; Oligomycin A shows anti-fungal activity.
Urea is a powerful protein denaturant via both direct and indirect mechanisms[1]. A potent emollient and keratolytic agent[2]. Used as a diuretic agent. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) has been utilized to evaluate renal function[3]. Widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen and is an important raw material for the chemical industry.
Galactose 1-phosphate is an intermediate in the galactose metabolism and nucleotide sugars.
Creatine, an endogenous amino acid derivative, plays an important role in cellular energy, especially in muscle and brain.
25,26-Dihydroxyvitamin D3(25,26-dihydroxycholecalciferol) is a metabolite of vitamin D3 with intestinal calcium transport activity.IC50 value:Target: VD metaboliteThe biological activity of synthetic 24,25 and 25,26 diOHD3 was studied in vitamin D-deficient rats. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of small doses of both metabolites (0.125-0.250 mug) upon intestinal calcium transport and bone calcium mobilization. Both metabolites were able to increase calcium absorption in rats maintained on a calcium-deficient diet, but failed to do it in rats on a normal calcium diet. Bilateral nephrectomy suppressed this effect. The "bone calcium mobilization" of both derivatives was measured in vitamin D and calcium- or phosphorus-deprived rats after one intravenous dose. When serum calcium was initially low, 24,25 and 25,26 diOHD3 increased serum calcium moderately, but the increment was only significant with 24,25 diOHD3.
Delta-Tocopherol is an isomer of Vitamin E.
Yangonin exhibits affinity for the human recombinant cannabinoid CB1 receptor with an IC50 and a Ki of 1.79 ± 0.53 μM and 0.72±0.21 μM, respectively.
Chondroitin sulfate, one of five classes of glycosaminoglycans, has been widely used in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Chondroitin sulfate reduces inflammation mediators and the apoptotic process and is able to reduce protein production of inflammatory cytokines, iNOS and MMPs.
Oxybutynin is an anticholinergic medication used to relieve urinary and bladder difficulties.Target: mAChROxybutynin is an anticholinergic medication used to relieve urinary and bladder difficulties, including frequent urination and inability to control urination (urge incontinence), by decreasing muscle spasms of the bladder. Oxybutynin competitively antagonizes the M1, M2, and M3 subtypes of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. It also has direct spasmolytic effects on bladder smooth muscle as a calcium antagonist and local anesthetic, but at concentrations far above those used clinically. Oxybutynin is available orally in generic formulation or as the brand-names Ditropan, Lyrinel XL, or Ditrospam, as a transdermal patch under the brand name Oxytrol, and as a topical gel under the brand name Gelnique. Oxybutynin is also a possible treatment of hyperhidrosis (hyper-active sweating) [1-3].
2-Amino-1-phenylethanol is an analogue of noradrenaline.
L-Arabinitol is a potential biomarker for the comsuption of the food products such as sweet potato, deerberry, moth bean, and is also associated with Alzheimer's disease and ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency.
H-HoPro-OH is a breakdown product of lysine, accumulates in body fluids of infants with generalized genetic peroxisomal disorders, such as Zellweger syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy.
Dolastatin 10 is a potent antimitotic peptide, isolated from the marine mollusk Dolabela auricularia, that inhibits tubulin polymerization.
Cercosporamide is a highly potent, ATP-competitive Pkc1 kinase inhibitor, with an IC50 of <50 nM and a Ki of <7 nM. Cercosporamide is a unique Mnk inhibitor.
Eurycomanone could increases spermatogenesis by inhibiting the activity of phosphodiesterase and aromatase in steroidogenesis.
N-Acetylneuraminic acid is a nine-carbon, sialic acid monosaccharide commonly found in glycoproteins on cell membranes and in glycolipids such as gangliosides in mammalian cells. Studies suggest that N-Acetylneuraminic acid is useful biologically in neurotransmission, leukocyte extravasation, viral or bacterial infections and carbohydrate-protein recognition.
7,8-Dihydro-L-biopterin is an oxidation product of tetrahydrobiopterin.
LysoPC(14:0/0:0) is a lysophospholipid (LyP). It is a monoglycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site.
L-Cystathionine is a key nonprotein amino acid related to metabolic conditions.
Calcitriol is the most active metabolite of vitamin D and also a vitamin D receptor (VDR) agonist.
Nanchangmycin, produced by Streptomyces nanchangensis NS3226, inhibits gram-positive bacteria. Nanchangmycin is a broad spectrum antiviral active against Zika virus.
N-Acetylornithine is an intermediate in the enzymatic biosynthesis of the amino acid L-arginine from L-glutamate.
Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic.Target: AntibacterialChloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic drug that stops bacterial growth by inhibiting protein synthesis. Chloramphenicol prevents protein chain elongation by inhibiting the peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome. It specifically binds to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit, preventing peptide bond formation. While chloramphenicol and the macrolide class of antibiotics both interact with ribosomes, chloramphenicol is not a macrolide. It directly interferes with substrate binding, whereas macrolides sterically block the progression of the growing peptide [1, 2].
5-Aminolevulinic acid HCl is an intermediate in heme biosynthesis in the body and the universal precursor of tetrapyrroles.Target: Others5-Aminolevulinic acid is a non-fluorescent prodrug that leads to intracellular accumulation of fluorescent porphyrins in malignant gliomas-a finding that is under investigation for intraoperative identification and resection of these tumours. Median follow-up was 35.4 months (95% CI 1.0-56.7). Contrast-enhancing tumour was resected completely in 90 (65%) of 139 patients assigned 5-aminolevulinic acid compared with 47 (36%) of 131 assigned white light (difference between groups 29% [95% CI 17-40], p<0.0001). Patients allocated 5-aminolevulinic acid had higher 6-month progression free survival than did those allocated white light (41.0% [32.8-49.2] vs 21.1% [14.0-28.2]; difference between groups 19.9% [9.1-30.7], p=0.0003, Z test) [1]. 5-ALA alone proved to be insufficient in attaining gross total resection without the danger of incurring postoperative neurological deterioration. Furthermore, in the case of functional grade III gliomas, iMRI in combination with functional neuronavigation was significantly superior to the 5-ALA resection technique [2].
Galactose 1-phosphate Potassium salt is is an intermediate in the galactose metabolism and nucleotide sugars.
(-)-Fucose is classified as a member of the hexoses, plays a role in A and B blood group antigen substructure determination, selectin-mediated leukocyte-endothelial adhesion, and host-microbe interactions.