GSK 366 is a potent kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO) inhibitor with IC50s of 2.3 nM and 0.7 nM for human KMO and P. fluorescens-KMO (Pf-KMO), respectively [1].
ATX inhibitor 15 (compound 30), a indole-based carbamate derivative, is a potent autotaxin (ATX) inhibitor with an IC50 of 2.17 nM. ATX inhibitor 15 inhibits in vivo ATX and the gene expression of pro-fibrotic factors. ATX inhibitor 15 has lung protection effects in Bleomycin challenged mice lung fibrosis model[1].
Toosendanin, a triterpenoid extracted from the bark of fruit of Melia toosendan Sieb et Zucc, possesses analgesic, insecticidal and anti-inflammatory activities[1].
Prednisolone hemisuccinate is a synthetic glucocorticoid, a derivative of cortisol, which is used to treat a variety of inflammatory and auto-immune conditions.
Murlentamab (3C23K; GM102) is a humanized anti-AMHRII antibody. AMHRII is the anti-Müllerian hormone receptor. Murlentama significantly promotes macrophage-mediated antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Murlentama stimulates pro-inflammatory and anti-tumor internal environment, recruits and activates T cells. Murlentama suppresses tumors growth by inducing naïve macrophage orientation and promoting tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) reprogramming[1].
Petesicatib is a cathepsin S inhibitor, used in research of immune diseases[1].
Vatelizumab (GBR500) is a monoclonal antibody targeting the α2 subunit (CD49b) of very late antigen-2 (VLA-2). Vatelizumab can be used for the research of multiple sclerosis[1].
TATP hapten is a hapten made from acetone, hydrogen peroxide, and 7-oxo octanoic acid. TATP hapten coupled with bovine serum albumin can raise an immune response against TATP. TATP hapten can coupled directly to BSA and HRP via N-hydroxysuccinimide chemistry to produce haptenated proteins[1].
Cletoquine-d4 is deuterium labeled Cletoquine. Cletoquine (Desethylhydroxychloroquine) is a major active metabolite of Hydroxychloroquine. Cletoquine is produced in the liver by CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP2C8 isoenzymes. Cletoquine is also a Chloroquine derivative and has the ability to against the chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Cletoquine has antimalarial effects and has the potential for autoimmune diseases treatment[1][2].
APETx2, a sea anemone peptide from Anthopleura elegantissima, is a selective and reversible ASIC3 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 63 nM. APETx2 directly inhibits the ASIC3 channel by acting at its external side. APETx2 could reverses acid‐induced and inflammatory pain[1][2].
PDE4-IN-11 is an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase isoenzyme 4 (PDE4). PDE4-IN-11 displays highly effective bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory properties, can be used for obstructive or inflammatory airway diseases research[1][2][3].
Icariside E4 is an antinociceptive agent, and can be isolated from Tabebuia roseo-alba. Icariside E4 has peripheral analgesic activity by ATP-sensitive K+ channel-dependent mechanisms. Icariside E4 also has anti-oxidant, anti-Alzheimer and anti-inflammatory effects[1][2].
Tepilamide fumarate (XP-23829) is an oral fumaric acid ester, acts as a prodrug of monomethyl fumarate, and is used in the research of moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis[1].
Methyl α-D-mannopyranoside could target macrophages in anti-tuberculosis inhalation therapy[1].
PNRI-299 is a selective AP-1 transcription inhibitor with IC50 of 20 uM without affecting NF-kappaB transcription (up to 200 uM) or thioredoxin (up to 200 uM).IC50 value: 20 uM [1]Target: AP-1 inhibitorin vitro: PNRI-299 specifically reacts with Ref-1, inhibits AP-1 transcription, and overexpression of the molecular target. Ref-1 attenuates PNRI-299 inhibition of AP-1 transcription. PNRI-299 interacts with the redox nucleophile Cys-65, to aid in the interpretation of structure activity relationships (SARs).in vivo: Treatment with PNRI-299 significantly decreased the influx of eosinophils, monocytes, and macrophages (no significant reduction of lymphocytes was observed) into the lung interstitium and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and airway mucus and edema observed in OVA-treated mice.PNRI-299 reduces the pathophysiological responses seen in this murine model of allergic asthma [1]. PNRI-299 had no effects on the inflammatory changes or lethality induced by I/R injury [2].
Ammonium glycyrrhizinate is a triterpenoid saponin, acting as a direct HMGB1 antagonist, with anti-inflammatory， anti-tumor, anti-diabetic activities[1][2][3].
NAADP, a nucleotide, is a Ca2+-mobilizing second messenger. NAADP is essential for initiation of Ca2+ signaling[1][2].
β-Aminoarteether maleate (SM934) is an Artemisinin derivative with orally active. β-Aminoarteether maleate can be used for inflammation and autoimmune disease research, such as lupus diseases[1].
CU-CPT-9b is a specific TLR8 antagonist, with an IC50 of 0.7 nM.
Psora-4 is a potent and selective inhibitor of Kv1.3 (voltage-gated potassium channels) with an EC50 of 3 nM[1]. Psora-4 has immunosuppressive activity and inhibits proliferation of human and rat myelin-specific effector memory T cells in vitro[2].
Tetramethylpyrazine (Ligustrazine), an alkylpyrazine isolated from Ligusticum wallichii (Chuan Xiong)[1], is present in french fries, bread, cooked meats, tea, cocoa, coffee, beer, spirits, peanuts, filberts, dairy products and soy products as fragrance and flavouring ingredienexhibits. Tetramethylpyrazine (Ligustrazine) also has potential nootropic and anti-inflammatory activities in rats[2][3].
3'-Sialyllactose (3'-SL) is a prebiotic, maintains immune homeostasis and exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects. 3'-Sialyllactose can be used for the research of inflammation[1][2].
Aminopterin (4-Aminofolic acid), the 4-amino derivative of folic acid, is a folic acid antagonist. Aminopterin catalyses the reduction of folic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid, and competitively inhibits dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) with a Ki of 3.7 pM. Aminopterin has anticancer and immunosuppressive activity. Aminopterin is used in treatment of pediatric leukemia[1][2].
Isoscutellarein 8-O-β-D-glucuronide is a flavonoid antioxidant, can be isolated from Theobroma grandiflorum seeds[1][2].
Ibudilast(KC-404;AV-411;MN-166) is a relatively nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor which has been marketed for treating asthma.Target: PDEIbudilast (3-isobutyryl-2-isopropylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine) is a nonselective inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE). The inhibition of platelet aggregation and vasodilatation by ibudilast may be due to synergistic elevation of intracellular cyclic nucleotides and release of nitric oxide (NO) or prostacyclin from endothelium, rather than direct inhibition of PDE5 or PDE3. Another important property of ibudilast is its antiinflammatory activity possibly associated with potent inhibition of PDE4. Combined with its relaxing effects on bronchial smooth muscle, antiinflammatory actvity of ibudilast could favorably influence pathophysiology of asthma by antagonizing chemical mediators triggering asthmatic attacks [1, 2]. Ibudilast (AV-411) is a non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor that is also known to suppress glial cell activation. Preclinical data indicate that ibudilast crosses the blood-brain barrier, is well tolerated, is active on oral administration, reduces glial activation and attenuates pain symptoms in diverse rat models of neuropathic pain. In addition, it enhances acute morphine analgesia and attenuates morphine tolerance and withdrawal. Thus ibudilast may improve opioid efficacy and is a promising therapeutic candidate for neuropathic pain, with a novel mechanism of action [3].
Pranlukast is a highly potent, selective and competitive antagonist of peptide leukotrienes. Pranlukast inhibits [3H]LTE4, [3H]LTD4, and [3H]LTC4 bindings to lung membranes with Kis of 0.63±0.11, 0.99±0.19, and 5640±680 nM, respectively.
I-BET567 is a potent and oral active inhibitor of pan-BET candidate with pIC50s of 6.9 and 7.2 for BRD4 BD1 and BD2, respectively. I-BET567 has been demonstrated efficacy in mouse models of oncology and inflammation[1].
Meclofenamic acid (Meclofenamate) sodium hydrate is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent. Meclofenamic acid sodium hydrate is a highly selective FTO (fat mass and obesity-associated) enzyme inhibitor. Meclofenamic acid sodium hydrate competes with FTO binding for the m(6)A-containing nucleic acid. Meclofenamic acid sodium hydrate is a non-selective gap-junction blocker. Meclofenamic acid sodium hydrate inhibits hKv2.1 and hKv1.1, with IC50 values of 56.0 and 155.9 μM, respectively[1][2][3][4].
Diclofenac potassium is a potent and nonselective anti-inflammatory agent, acts as a COX inhibitor, with IC50s of 4 and 1.3 nM for human COX-1 and COX-2 in CHO cells[1], and 5.1 and 0.84 μM for ovine COX-1 and COX-2, respectively[2]. Diclofenac potassium induces apoptosis of neural stem cells (NSCs) via the activation of the caspase cascade[3].