Rosuvastatin Calcium is a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase with IC50 of 11 nM. IC50 Value: 11 nM [1]Target: HMG-CoA reductasein vitro: Rosuvastatin is relatively hydrophilic and is highly selective for hepatic cells; its uptake is mediated by the liver-specific organic anion transporter OATP-C. Rosuvastatin is a high-affinity substrate for OATP-C with apparent association constant of 8.5 μM [2]. Rosuvastatin inhibits cholesterol biosynthesis in rat liver isolated hepatocytes with IC50 of 1.12 nM. Rosuvastatin causes approximately 10 times greater increase of mRNA of LDL receptors than pravastatin [1]. Rosuvastatin (100 μM) decreases the extent of U937 adhesion to TNF-α-stimulated HUVEC. Rosuvastatin inhibits the expressions of ICAM-1, MCP-1, IL-8, IL-6, and COX-2 mRNA and protein levels through inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and nuclear factor-kB in endothelial cells [3].in vivo: Rosuvastatin (3 mg/kg) daily administration for 14 days decreases plasma cholesterol levels by 26% in male beagle dogs with normal cholesterol levels. In cynomolgus monkeys, Rosuvastatin decreases plasma cholesterol levels by 22% [1]. Rosuvastatin (20 mg/kg/day) administration for 2 weeks, significantly reduces very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) in diabetes mellitus rats induced by Streptozocin [4]. Rosuvastatin shows antiatherothromhotic effects in vivo. Rosuvastatin (1.25 mg/kg) significantly inhibits thrombin-induced transmigration of monocvtes across mesenteric venules via inhibition of the endothelial cell surface expression of P-selectin, and increases the basal rate of nitric oxide in aortic segments by 2-fold times [5].
RPR104632 is a specific antagonist of NMDA receptor, with potent neuroprotective properties.
XE 991 dihydrochloride, a Kv7 (KCNQ) channels blocker, potently inhibits Kv7.1 (KCNQ1), Kv7.2 (KCNQ2), Kv7.2 + Kv7.3 (KCNQ3) channel, and M-current with IC50s of 0.75 μM, 0.71 μM, 0.6 μM, and 0.98 μM, respectively[1].
CCTA-1523 is a potent, selective, reversible and orally active ABCG2 inhibitor. CCTA-1523 shows cytotoxicity. CCTA-1523 shows anticancer activity[1].
24-Hydroxycholesterol is a natural sterol, which serves as a positive allosteric modulator of N-Methyl-d-Aspartate (NMDA) receptorsR, and a potent activator of the transcription factors LXR.
Kv3 modulator 3 (Compound 4) is a selective modulator of Kv3.1 and/or Kv3.2 and/or Kv3.3 channels extracted from patent WO2017098254A1, compound 4, has analgesic activity for use in the prophylaxis o or treatment of pain[1].
cis-α-(Carboxycyclopropyl)glycine (L-CCG III) is a potent, competitive glutamate uptake inhibitor. cis-α-(Carboxycyclopropyl)glycine is a substrate of glutamate transporters (GluT) (EC50: 13 μM, 2 μM for EAAT 1 and EAAT 2, respectively). cis-α-(Carboxycyclopropyl)glycine inhibits a Na+-dependent high-affinity L-glutamate uptake in glial plasmalemmal vesicles (GPV) and synaptosomes[1][2].
NS-102 is a selective kainate (GluK2) receptors antagonist. NS-102 is a potent GluR6/7 receptor antagonist[1][2][3].
Transcrocetin (trans-Crocetin), extracted from saffron (Crocus sativus L.), acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist with high affinity.
L-701252 is a potent antagonist of glycine site NMDA receptor with an IC50 of 420 nM. L-701252 provides a small degree of neuroprotection in global cerebral ischaemia[1].
Ginsenoside Rg3 is the main component of Red ginseng. Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits Na+ and hKv1.4 channel with IC50s of 32.2±4.5 and 32.6±2.2 μM, respectively. Ginsenoside Rg3 also inhibits Aβ levels, NF-κB activity, and COX-2 expression.
Methyl homoveratrate, a metabolite of RWJ-26240 in vivo, can be identified in plasma, urine and faecal extract. McN5691 (RWJ-26240) is a voltage-sensitive calcium channel blocker[1].
μ-Conotoxin Sx IIIA is a biological active peptide. (NaV1.4 Channels Blocker)
3'-Methoxydaidzein is a isoflavone and a Sodium Channel inhibitor. 3'-Methoxydaidzein inhibits subtypes NaV1.7, NaV1.8 and NaV1.3 with IC50 of 181 nM, 397 nM, and 505 nM, respectively. 3'-Methoxydaidzein exerts analgesic activity by inhibiting voltage-gated sodium channels[1].
Pagoclone is an active (+)-enantiomer of the racemate RP 59037. Pagoclone is a partial GABA(A) receptor agonist used for the treatment of panic and anxiety disorders.
Phenytoin is an inactive voltage-gated sodium channel stabilizer.Target: Sodium ChannelPhenytoin is an antiepileptic drug. It is useful to treat partial seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures but not primary generalized seizures such as absence seizures or myoclonic seizures. Phenytoin is believed to protect against seizures by causing voltage-dependent block of voltage-gated sodium channels [1]. Phenytoin has low affinity for resting sodium channels at hyperpolarized membrane potentials [2]. When neurons are depolarized and the channels transition into the open and inactivated states, greater binding and block occur. The inhibitory potency is strongly use dependent, so that block accumulates with prolonged or repetitive activation, such as occurs during a seizure discharge. The blocking of sodium channels by phenytoin is of slow onset. The time course of fast sodium currents is therefore not altered in the presence of the drug and action potentials evoked by synaptic depolarizations of ordinary duration are not blocked. Thus phenytoin is able to selectively inhibit pathological hyperexcitability in epilepsy without unduly impairing ongoing activity. Phenytoin also blocks persistent sodium current and this may be of particular importance in seizure control. Phenytoin is a class 1b antiarrhythmic [3].
Cav 3.2 inhibitor 4 (compound 21) is a potent, peripherally restricted, selective T-type calcium channel (Cav3.2) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 0.6 μM. Cav 3.2 inhibitor 4 can be used for the research of atrial fibrillation[1].
H100 is a Cl- transport inhibitor, with partial effects against both the NaK2Cl cotransporter and the Band 3 anion exchanger, but no effect against KCl cotransporter, in human erythrocytes.
Felbamate-d5 is the deuterium labeled Felbamate[1]. Felbamate (W-554) is a potent nonsedative anticonvulsant whose clinical effect may be related to the inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)[2][3].
Picrotoxin is a noncompetitive antagonist of GABAA receptor.
Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone, an neurosteroid, is a potent positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of GABAA receptor. Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone has potent neuroinhibitory properties[1][2].
Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride is an antagonist of the dopamine D2, 5HT2A, potassium channel andsodium channel. Chlorpromazine binds with D2 and 5HT2A with Kis of 363 nM and 8.3 nM, respectively.
Xanthoplanine, isolated from theroot of Xylopia parviflora, fully inhibits the EC50 ACh responses of both alpha7 and alpha4beta2 nACh receptors with estimated IC50 values of 9 μM (alpha7) and 5 μM (alpha4beta2)[1].
Proparacaine Hydrochloride is a voltage-gated sodium channels antagonist with ED50 of 3.4 mM.IC50 Value: 3.4 mM(ED50) [1]Target: Sodium Channelin vitro: Proparacaine is more potent and less toxic than cocaine [1]. Proparacaine significantly increases in FHV-1 (P < 0.01), C. felis, and 28S rDNA Ct values when fusidic acid is used [2].in vivo: Proparacaine inhibits corneal epithelial migration and adhesion through alteration of the actin cytoskeleton [3]. Proparacaine acts like bupivacaine or lidocaine and produces dose-related spinal blockades of motor function, proprioception and nociception. Intrathecal proxymetacaine also produces longer sensory blockade than motor blockade [4].
Riluzole-13C,15N2 is the 13C and 15N labeled Riluzole[1]. Riluzole is an anticonvulsant drug and belongs to the family of use-dependent Na+ channel blocker which can also inhibit GABA uptake with an IC50 of 43 μM[2][3].
Catharanthine Sulfate ((+)-3,4-Didehydrocoronaridine Sulfate) is an alkaloid isolated from Madagascar periwinkle, inhibits voltage-operated L-type Ca2+ channel, with anti-cancer and blood pressure-lowering activities[1].
Reserpine hydrochloride is an inhibitor of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2).
RU-TRAAK-2 is a completely reversible TRAAK inhibitor, shows no activity for non-K2P channels (Kv1.2, Slo1 and GIRK2).
Ropivacain is a potent sodium channel blocker and acts as a local anesthetic agent. Ropivacain blocks impulse conduction via reversible inhibition of sodium ion influx in nerve fibrese[1][2]. Ropivacaine is also an inhibitor of K2P (two-pore domain potassium channel) TREK-1 with an IC50 of 402.7 μM in COS-7 cell's membrane[3]. Ropivacaine is used for the research of regional anesthesia and neuropathic pain management[1].