P-gb-IN-1 (compound Ⅲ-8), a 2,5-disubstituted furan derivative, is a highly effective, broadspectrum P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor. P-gb-IN-1 displayed the reversal activity by inhibiting P-gp efflux. P-gb-IN-1 has a potent affinity to P-gp by forming H-bond interactions with residues Asn 721 and Met 986. P-gb-IN-1 possesses broad-spectrum reversal activity and low toxicity in MCF-7/ADR cells[1].
Shikonin is a major component of a Chinese herbal medicine named zicao. Shikonin has shown various biological activities, including inhibition of TNF-α, NF-κB, HIV-1.
CM-4620 is a calcium-release activated calcium-channel (CRAC channel) inhibitor, with IC50s of 119 nM, 895 nM for Orai1/STIM1 and Orai2/STIM1 channels, respectively.
(RS)-AMPA ((±)-AMPA) monohydrate is a glutamate analogue and a potent and selective excitatory neurotransmitter L-glutamic acid agonist. (RS)-AMPA monohydrate does not interfere with binding sites for kainic acid or NMDA receptors[1][2].
Rivanicline (RJR-2403) is a neuronal nicotinic receptor agonist, showing high selectivity for the α4β2 subtype (Ki=26 nM); > 1,000 fold selectivity than α7 receptors(Ki= 36000 nM).IC50 value: 26 nM [1]Target: α4β2 nAChRin vitro: At concentrations up to 1 mM, Rivanicline does not significantly activate nAChRs in PC12 cells, muscle type nAChRs or muscarinic receptors. Dose-response curves for agonist-induced ileum contraction indicate that Rivanicline is less than one-tenth as potent as nicotine with greatly reduced efficacy. Rivanicline does not antagonize nicotine-stimulated muscle or ganglionic nAChR function (IC50 > 1 mM). Chronic exposure of M10 cells to Rivanicline (10 microM) results in an up-regulation of high-affinity nAChRs phenomenologically similar to that seen with nicotine [1].in vivo: Rivanicline significantly improved passive avoidance retention after scopolamine-induced amnesia and enhanced both working and reference memory in rats with ibotenic acid lesions of the forebrain cholinergic projection system in an 8-arm radial maze paradigm. By comparison, Rivanicline was 15 to 30-fold less potent than nicotine in decreasing body temperature, respiration, Y-maze rears and crosses and acoustic startle response [2]. Metanicotine was about 5-fold less potent than nicotine in the tail-flick test after s.c administration, but slightly more potent after central administration [3].
Anticancer agent 72 (compound 8c) is a potent inhibitor of K+ channel. Anticancer agent 72 induces apoptosis[1].
Isradipine(Dynacirc) is a calcium channel blocker with an IC50 of 34±8 μM.Target: Calcium ChannelIsradipine(Dynacirc) is a calcium channel blocker with an IC50 of 34±8 μM.It is usually prescribed for the treatment of high blood pressure in order to reduce the risk of stroke and heart attack[1]. Isradipine belongs to the dihydropyridine (DHP) class of calcium channel blockers (CCBs), the most widely used class of CCBs. It is structurally related to felodipine, nifedipine, and nimodipine and is the most potent calcium-channel blocking agent of the DHP class. Isradipine binds to calcium channels with high affinity and specificity and inhibits calcium flux into cardiac and arterial smooth muscle cells. It exhibits greater selectivity towards arterial smooth muscle cells owing to alternative splicing of the alpha-1 subunit of the channel and increased prevalence of inactive channels in smooth muscle cells. Isradipine may be used to treat mild to moderate essential hypertension [2].
Pantoprazole-d3 is deuterium labeled Pantoprazole. Pantoprazole (BY10232) is an orally active and potent proton pump inhibitor (PPI)[1]. Pantoprazole, a substituted benzimidazole, is a potent H+/K+-ATPase inhibitor with an IC50 of 6.8 μM. Pantoprazole improves pH stability and has anti-secretory, anti-ulcer activities. Pantoprazole significantly increased tumor growth delay combined with Doxorubicin (HY-15142)[3][4].
Nelonicline (ABT-126) is a selective neuronal nicotinic receptor agonist.
Dibutyryl-cGMP sodium (Bt2cGMP sodium) is a cell-permeable cGMP analogue. Dibutyryl-cGMP sodium preferentially activates cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). Dibutyryl-cGMP sodium inhibits the release of [3H]-arachidonic acid from γ thrombin-stimulated human platelets. Dibutyryl-cGMP sodium induces peripheral antinociception via activation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels[1][2][3].
Solnatide (AP 301) is an inhaled synthetic peptide agent composed of 17 natural amino acids. Solnatide can directly activate the epithelial sodium channel. Solnatide can be used for the research of lung function[1][2].
Nimodipine(Nimotop) is a dihydropyridine derivative and an analogue of the calcium channel blocker nifedipine, with antihypertensive activity.Nimodipine decreases intracellular free Ca2+,Beclin-1 and autophagy.Target: Calcium ChannelNimodipine is main use is in the prevention of cerebral vasospasm and resultant ischemia, a complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage (a form of cerebral bleed), specifically from ruptured intracranial berry aneurysms irrespective of the patient's post-ictus neurological condition. Its administration begins within 4 days of a subarachnoid hemorrhage and is continued for three weeks. If blood pressure drops by over 5%, dosage is adjusted. There is still controversy regarding the use of intravenous nimodipine on a routine basis [1, 2].
Sergliflozin etabonate (GW-869682X) is a potent and orally active sodium glucose cotransporter (SGLT2) inhibitor. Sergliflozin etabonate shows antidiabetic and antihyperglycemic effects. Sergliflozin etabonate significantly reduces non-fasting blood glucose levels in diabetic mice. Sergliflozin etabonate has the potential for the research of diabetes[1].
P2X3 antagonist 38 (compound 4) is a potent and orally active P2X3 antagonist with IC50 values of 0.132, 0.165, 0.421 µM for hP2X3, rP2X3, gpP2X3, respectively[1].
Nifedipine D6 is deuterium labeled nifedipine, and nifedipine is a potent calcium channel blocker.
FG 7142 (ZK 39106; LSU-65), a non-selectively benzodiazepine inverse agonist, has high affinity for the α1 subunit-containing GABAA receptor (Ki=91 nM). FG 7142 (ZK 39106; LSU-65) also modulates GABA-induced chloride flux at GABAA receptors expressing the α1 subunit (EC50= 137 nM). FG 7142 (ZK 39106; LSU-65) can increase tyrosine hydroxylation and cause upregulation of β-adrenoceptors in mouse cerebral cortex[1].
Neostenine is a stenine-type Stemona alkaloid, with antitussive activity. Neostenine is also a substrate of P-glycoprotein with high absorptive permeability in Caco-2 monolayer model. Neostenine also shows oral activity for intestinal application[1][2].
(RS)-(Tetrazol-5-yl)glycine (D,L-(tetrazol-5-yl)glycine) is a highly potent and selective N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonist[1]. (RS)-(Tetrazol-5-yl)glycine has EC50s of 99 nM, 1.7 μM for GluN1/GluN2D and GluN1/GluN2A, respectively[2]. (RS)-(Tetrazol-5-yl)glycine induces seizure responses and Fos in mice[3].
QX-222 chloride, a trimethyl analogue of Lignocaine (HY-B0185), is a potent Na+ channel blocker[1][2][3].
Amiodarone-d10 hydrochloride is the deuterium labeled Amiodarone. Amiodarone hydrochloride is an antiarrhythmic drug for inhibition of ATP-sensitive potassium channel with an IC50 of 19.1 μM[1][2].
Vocacapsaicin (CA-008) hydrochloride, a prodrug of Capsaicin, is a first-in-class non-opioid TRPV1 agonist. Vocacapsaicin hydrochloride can provide meaningful and long-lasting pain relief[1].
Memantine, an amantadine derivative with low to moderate-affinity for NMDA receptors, inhibit CYP2B6 and CYP2D6 with Ki of 0.51 nM and 94.9 μM, respectively..Target: NMDA Receptor, Memantine (Ebixa, Axura, Namenda, Akatinol) is a moderate-affinity, uncompetitive, voltage-dependent, NMDA-receptor antagonist with fast on/off kinetics that inhibits excessive calcium influx induced by chronic overstimulation of the NMDA receptor. Memantine is approved in the US and the EU for the treatment of patients with moderate to severe dementia of the Alzheimer's type [1]. Memantine has considerable therapeutic potential for the myriad of clinical entities associated with NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity [2]. Memantine blocked 200 microM NMDA-evoked responses with a 50% inhibition constant (IC50) of approximately 1 microM at -60 mV and an empirical Hill coefficient of approximately 1 [3].
Oleoyl Serotonin is a TRPV1 antagonist with IC50 value of 2.57 μM for human TRPV1[1].
(RS)-AMPA ((±)-AMPA) hydrobromide is a glutamate analogue and a potent and selective excitatory neurotransmitter L-glutamic acid agonist. (RS)-AMPA hydrobromide does not interfere with binding sites for kainic acid or NMDA receptors[1][2].
Deudextromethorphan (AVP-786) is a deuterated form of dextromethorphan/quinidine (AVP-923, Nuedexta). Deudextromethorphan, a glutamate-targeting agent, is an orally active N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. Deudextromethorphan can be used for the research of Pseudo-Bulbar Affect, traumatic brain injury, behavioral disinhibition and agitation in AD[1][2][3].
MRK-623 is a potent, α2/α3 subunit functionally selectiviie GABAA receptor agonist.
N-oleoyl-glutamine is a PM20D1-regulated N-acyl amino acids (NAAs). N-oleoyl-glutamine is a transient receptor potential (TRP) antagonist[1].
Gaboxadol hydrochloride (Lu 02-030 hydrochloride) is a selective agonist at GABAA receptors that contain α4-δ subunits, and has anxiolytic and sedative effects[1].
TAK-653, an AMPA receptor potentiator with minimal agonistic activity, produces an antidepressant-like effect with a favorable safety profile in rats.
DNQX (FG 9041) disodium salt, a quinoxaline derivative, is a selective, potent competitive non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist (IC50s = 0.5, 2 and 40 μM for AMPA, kainate and NMDA receptors, respectively)[1].