Anisatin, a pure toxic substance isolated from the seeds of a Japanese plant (Illicium anisatum) acts as a picrotoxin-like, non-competitive GABA antagonist. Anisatin suppresses GABA-induced currents in a concentration-dependent manner with an EC50 of ~1.10 μM[1].
ONO-8590580 is a GABAA α5 negative allosteric modulator.
Etomidate(R-16659) is a GABAA receptors agonist, which is a short acting intravenous anaesthetic agent used for the induction of general anaesthesia.Target: GABA ReceptorEtomidate is a potent inhibitor of the adrenal response to surgery. The absence of clinical consequences associated with the blunted response suggests that a major increase in adrenal hormone production may not be necessary during surgery [1]. Etomidate is an intravenous induction agent that is associated with hemodynamic stability during intubation. The agent is therefore attractive for use in critically ill patients who have a high risk of hemodynamic instability during this procedure [2]. Etomidate use was not associated with all cause 28-day mortality or hospital mortality but was associated with significantly higher ICU mortality (91% vs. 64% for etomidate and controls groups, respectively; p = 0.02). Etomidate patients who received subsequent doses of hydrocortisone required lower doses of vasopressors and had more vasopressor-free days but no improvement in mortality [3].Clinical indications: FDA Approved Date: 1983Toxicity: Undesirable side effects of etomidate that may limit its use include pain on injection, myoclonus and adrenocortical suppression lasting 4-6 hours following an induction dose.
DS2 is a selective positive allosteric modulator of δ-GABAA receptor. DS2 selectively potentiates GABA responses mediated by α4β3δ receptor. DS2 does not enhance activity at α4β3γ2 and α1β3γ2 receptors. DS2 relieves pain and has the potential for sleep disorders research[1].
Nefiracetam is a GABAergic, cholinergic, and monoaminergic neuronal systems enhancer for Ro 5-4864-induced convulsions.Target: GABA ReceptorNefiracetam induces a short-term depression of ACh-evoked currents at submicromolar concentrations (0.01-0.1 μM) and a long-term enhancement of the currents at micromolar concentrations (1-10 μM). Nefiracetam interacts with PKA and PKC pathways, which may explain a cellular mechanism for the action of cognition-enhancing agents. Lower (submicromolar) concentrations of the nootropic Nefiracetam reduces ACh-evoked currents to 30% (0.01 μM) and 38% (0.1 μM) of control after a 10-minute treatment [1].Nefiracetam administered orally inhibits Ro 5-4864-induced convulsions in EL mice. Nefiracetam also efficiently inhibits Ro 5-4864-induced convulsions in DDY mice at doses higher than 10 mg/kg [2]. Nefiracetam administered daily 1 hour before each training session facilitates the acquisition process of the avoidance response [3].
Radequinil (AC-3933) is a benzodiazepine receptor (BzR) partial inverse agonist. AC-3933 binds to GABA(-) and GABA(+) ligand with Kis of 5.15 and 6.11 nM, respectively[1].
Pipazethate (SKF 70230A), a pyridobenzothiazine derivative, is a potent GABA antagonist. Pipazethate has antitussive activity. Pipazethate can be used in research in cough supressant[1].
L-DABA (L-2,4-Diaminobutyric acid) is a week GABA transaminase inhibitor with an IC50 of larger than 500 μM; exhibits antitumor activity in vivo and in vitro.
Bicuculline methobromide is a selective GABAA receptor antagonist with an IC50 value of 3 μM. Bicuculline methobromide induces clonic tonic convulsions in mammals and can also be used to block Ca2+ activated potassium channels. Bicuculline methobromide can be used in studies of epilepsy and other related psychiatric disorders[1][2].
Valerenic acid ((-)-Valerenic Acid), a sesquiterpenoid, is an orally active positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors. Valerenic acid is also a partial agonist of the 5-HT5a receptor. Valerenic acid mediates anxiolytic activity via GABAA receptors containing the β3 subunit. Valerenic acid also exhibits potent antioxidant properties[1][2][3].
Dimdazenil (EVT-201) is a GABAA receptor partial positive allosteric modulator (PAM). Dimdazenil can be used in the research of insomnia[1].
ZK 93423 is a potent benzodiazepine GABAA receptor agonist with a certain cooling effect on rodents[1].
GS39783 is a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of GABABR. Positive modulation of the GABABR can be used for the research of Nicotine addiction[1].
Lorediplon is a novel non-benzodiazepine, hypnotic drug acting as a GABAA receptor modulator, differentially active at the alpha1-subunit, associated with promoting sleep.Target: GABALorediplon is a drug for the treatment of insomnia, has been successfully completed with a best-in-class efficacy profile in terms of maintaining sleep and sleep quality, Lorediplon targets GABAA. [1] Lorediplon demonstrates a minimum of 10-fold and 6-fold increase in potency (respectively) in the spontaneous motor activation studies. At concentrations of 1.2mg/kg, Lorediplon demonstrates a 57%increased effect on Slow Wave Sleep (SWS), when compared with a placebo.[2]
Allopregnanolone is a progesterone metabolite. Allopregnanolone is an allosteric modulator of the GABA receptor.
Methionine-d3 is the deuterium labeled Methionine. Methionine (MRX-1024; D-Methionine) is an effective chemoprotective agent which can also inhibit the neuronal activity through GABAA receptor activation.
Isohyenanchin (Hydroxycoriatin) is an RDLac homo-oligomers antagonist. Isohyenanchin also is a weak antagonist of ionotropic GABA receptors[1].
Pregabalin arenacarbil is a prodrug of Pregabalin.Pregabalin is an analog of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) for the research of post herpetic neuralgia, peripheral diabetic neuropathy,fibromyalgia and epilepsy[1].
Chloralose is widely used in neuroscience and veterinary medicine as an anesthetic and sedative.
rac-BHFF is a potent and orally active allosteric enhancer of GABAB receptor[1].
TP003 is a non-selective benzodiazepine site agonist with EC50s of 20.3, 10.6, 3.24, 5.64 nM for α1β2γ2, α2β3γ2, α3β3γ2, α5β2γ2, respectively. TP003 induces anxiolysis via α2GABAA receptors[1].
3,4,5-Trimethoxycinnamic acid is a phenylpropanoid isolated from the roots of Polygala tenuifoliaWILLD, with anti-stress effect, prolonging the sleeping time in animals[1][2]. 3,4,5-Trimethoxycinnamic acid increases expression of GAD65 and γ-subunit of GABAA receptor, but shows no effect on the amounts of α-, β-subunits[2].
α-Conotoxin PeIA is an analgesic α-conotoxin.α-Conotoxin PeIA inhibits the α6β4, α9α10 and α3β2 nAChR.α-Conotoxin PeIA is also a potent inhibitor of N-type calcium channel via GABAB receptor activation[1][2][3].
GBLD345, a nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic agent, is a non- selective, potent GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator (PAM)[1].
Arecaidine hydrobromide, a pyridine alkaloid, is a potent GABA uptake inhibitor. Arecaidine hydrobromide is a substrate of H+-coupled amino acid transporter 1 (PAT1, SLC36A1) and competitively inhibits L-proline uptake[1][2].
Muscimol (Agarin; Agarine) hydrochloride is an isoxazole with psychoactive activity. Muscimol hydrochloride is also a selective agonist of the inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA ionotropic receptors. Muscimol hydrochloride can be isolated from from Amanita muscaria and related mushrooms. All in all, Muscimol is a potent GABAA receptors agonist (EC50=0.2 μM), a partial GABACreceptors agonist, and an inactive GABAB receptors agonist. Muscimol hydrochloride has calming, anti-anxiety and hallucinatory effects[1].
2'MeO6MF is a brain-penetrant positive allosteric modulator at α2β1γ2L and all α1-containing GABAA receptors. 2'MeO6MF also can directly activate α2β2/3 and α2β2/3γ2L GABAA receptors. 2'MeO6MF has anxiolytic and sedative effects. 2'MeO6MF offers neuroprotection and improved functional recovery and dampens the stroke-induced inflammatory response[1][2].
Alpidem selectively binds to α1β2γ2 subunit-containing GABAA receptor with an IC50 of 17 nM and exerts anxiolytic effect[1].
GABA-AT-IN-1 (Compound 6) is a γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-AT) inhibitor and significantly elevates the mouse brain GABA level. GABA-AT-IN-1 has the ability to cross the BBB and can be used as an anticonvulsant[1].
Etiocholanolone-d2 is the deuterium labeled Etiocholanolone. Etiocholanolone (5β-Androsterone) is the excreted metabolite of testosterone and has anticonvulsant activity[1]. Etiocholanolone is a less potent neurosteroid positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of the GABAA receptor than its enantiomer form[2][3].