Thiamine hydrochloride is an essential micronutrient needed as a cofactor for many central metabolic enzymes.
Agarotetrol is a chromone derivative isolated from Agarwood.
Paullinic acid is a long-chain fatty acid that has been detected in multiple biofluids, such as blood and urine.
L-Alloisoleucine is a branched chain amino acid and is a stereo-isomer of L-isoleucine. L-Alloisoleucine is a common constituent of human plasma (albeit at low levels).
(±)-Carnitine chloride exists in two isomers, known as D and L. L-carnitine plays an essential role in the β-oxidation of fatty acids and also shows antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities.
Nicotinamide N-oxide, an in vivo nicotinamide metabolite, is a potent, and selective antagonist of the CXCR2 receptor.
N-Acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine is a Melatonin precursor, and that it can potently activate TrkB receptor.
NADP is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, acting as a key cofactor for electron transfer in the metabolism of all organisms, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH).
trans-Zeatinriboside is a type of cytokinin precursor, acts as a major long-distance signalling form in xylem vessels, regulates leaf size and meristem activity-related traits.
Coixol is a natural product extracted from Coix Lachryma-Jobi var. ma-yuen.IC50 value:Target:In vitro: Confluent NCI-H292 cells were pretreated with oleic acid, linoleic acid, glyceryl trilinoleate, beta-stigmasterol or coixol for 30 min and then stimulated with PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate), EGF (epidermal growth factor) or TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α) for 24 h. Coixol inhibited the expression of MUC5AC mucin gene and production of MUC5AC mucin protein, induced by EGF or TNF-α from NCI-H292 cells; Coixol decreased PMA-induced MUC5AC mucin secretion from NCI-H292 cells [1]. βTC-6 cells were incubated in 2 mM and 20 mM glucose in thepresence of coixol (200 μM) for 60 min at 37°C in Krebs-RingerBicarbonate buffer. Decreased insulin staining was observed by coixol at 20 mM glucose (bottom) suggest that coixol stimulated insulin secretion at high glucose concentration [2].In vivo:
Anserine is a dipeptide found in skeletal muscle of vertebrates.
γ-Aminobutyric acid (4-Aminobutyric acid) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult mammalian brain[1][2], binding to the ionotropic GABA receptors (GABAA receptors) and metabotropic receptors (GABAB receptors)[2].
Gambogic acid is derived from the gamboges resin of the tree Garcinia hanburyi. Gambogic acid inhibits Bcl-XL, Bcl-2, Bcl-W, Bcl-B, Bfl-1 and Mcl-1 with IC50s of 1.47 μM, 1.21 μM, 2.02 μM, 0.66 μM, 1.06 μM and 0.79 μM.
Valerylcarnitine is an endogenous metabolite, belonging to the short-chain acylcarnitines.
1-Methyl-L-histidine is an objective indicator of meat ingestion and exogenous 3-methylhistidine (3MH) intake.
5-Methylfurfural is a naturally occurring substance, found in cigarette smoke condensate, licorice essential oil, stored dehydrated orange powder, baked potato flour, volatile compounds of roast beef, aroma concentrate of sponge cake. bread and in coffee, tea and cocoa[1]. A flavoring agent.
Dencichin is a non-protein amino acid originally extracted from Panax notoginseng, and can inhibit HIF-prolyl hydroxylase-2 (PHD-2) activity.
Inosine, an endogenous purine nucleoside, has immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, and analgesic properties. In vitro: Inosine has been shown to stimulate axonal growth in cell culture and promote corticospinal tract axons to sprout collateral branches after stroke, spinal cord injury and TBI in rodent models.[1] Inosine dose-dependently stimulates cAMP production mediated through the A2AR. Inosine dose-dependently induces A2AR-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation.[2] In vivo: The reference for Inosine is 1 or 10 mg/kg, i.p. Preventive treatment with inosine inhibits the development and progression of EAE in C57Bl/6 mice. neuroinflammation and demyelinating processes are blocked by inosine treatment. Additionally, inosine consistently inhibits IL-17 levels in peripheral lymphoid tissue, as well as IL-4 levels and A2AR up-regulation in the spinal cord, likely, through an ERK1-independent pathway. [3] inosine acting through adenosine receptors (ARs) exerts a wide range of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in vivo. [2]
Hypericin is a photosensitive antiviral with anticancer and antidepressant agent derived from Hypericum perforatum. It can inhibit tyrosine kinases with IC50 of 7.5 μM. IC50: 7.5 uMIn vitro:The photosensitive of hypericin can induce both apoptosis and necrosis in a concentration and light dose-dependent fashion. PDT with hypericin results in the activation of multiple pathways that can either promote or counteract the cell death program. It can effect cytotoxic to tumor cells by visible light.
D-Gluconic acid is the carboxylic acid by the oxidation with antiseptic and chelating properties.
Hydroxycotinine is the main nicotine metabolite detected in smokers urine.
5-Hydroxydopamine is a naturally occurring amine in human urine.
Angiotensin III is an angiotensin 1 (AT1) and AT2 receptor agonist.
5-Methoxytryptophol is a natural indole present in the pineal gland.
1,3-Diaminopropane, a three carbon diamine, is an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor.
Lobetyolin is derived from Codonopsis pilosula and has antioxidative effect.
6-Aminocaproic acid is an antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.Target: Others6-aminohexanoic acid is a derivative and analogue of the amino acid lysine, which makes it an effective inhibitor for enzymes that bind that particular residue. Such enzymes include proteolytic enzymes like plasmin, the enzyme responsible for fibrinolysis. Aminocaproic acid is also an intermediate in the polymerization of Nylon-6, where it is formed by ring-opening hydrolysis of caprolactam.Aminocaproic acid is used to treat excessive postoperative bleeding, especially after procedures in which a great amount of bleeding is expected, such as cardiac surgery. Aminocaproic acid can also be used to treat the overdose and/or toxic effects of the thrombolytic pharmacologic agents tissue plasminogen activator and streptokinase [1, 2].
L-DABA (L-2,4-Diaminobutyric acid) is a week GABA transaminase inhibitor with an IC50 of larger than 500 μM; exhibits antitumor activity in vivo and in vitro.
3,3'-Diindolylmethane is a strong, pure androgen receptor (AR) antagonist.
Isobutyryl-L-carnitine is a product of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenases. Isobutyryl-L-carnitine is a member of the class of compounds known as acyl carnitines.