Molindone ((±)-Molindone), an indole derivative, is a potent dopamine D2 and D5 receptor antagonist. Molindone ((±)-Molindone) can be used for the research of schizophrenia and severe mental illness[1][2].
γ-Secretase modulator 10 is a novel γ-secretase modulator.
Galanin-Like Peptide (porcine) is a 60 amino acid neuropeptide that was first isolated from the porcine hypothalamus. Galanin-Like Peptide (porcine) has a high affinity for the GALR2 receptor (IC50 of 0.24 nM) and a lower affinity for the GALR1 receptor (IC50 of 4.3 nM)[1].
Dansyl-Tyr-Val-Gly TFA is a substrate of peptidylglycine monooxygenase (PHM). Peptidylglycine monooxygenase is an essential enzyme for the posttranslational amidation of neuroendocrine peptides[1].
(Rac)-ICI-118551 hydrochloride is a selective β2-adrenergic receptor antagonist. (Rac)-ICI-118551 hydrochloride can inhibit dendrite ramification of hippocampal neurons in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease[1].
NSC363998 (free base) is an orally active compound. NSC363998 (free base) can suppress rCGG90 induced neurotoxicity. NSC363998 (free base) can be used for the research of neurodegenerative disorder such as Fragile X associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS)[1].
PA-9 is a pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) type I (PAC1) receptor antagonist. PA-9 dose dependently inhibits PACAP-induced cAMP elevation with an IC50 of 5.6 nM. PA-9 can be used for the research of neuropathic and/or inflammatory pain[1].
E 2012 is a potent γ-secretase modulator.IC50 value:Target: γ-secretaseIn the present study, 9 dogs were treated with a single dose of the γ-secretase modulator E2012, the γ-secretase inhibitor LY450139, or vehicle with a dosing interval of 1 week. The isoform Aβ(1-37) was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner in response to treatment with E2012, while Aβ(1-39), Aβ(1-40) and A(1-42) decreased [1].E2012, a gamma secretase modulator without affecting Notch processing, aimed at Alzheimer's disease by reduction of amyloid β-42, induced cataract following repeated doses in the rat.E2012 inhibits 3β-hydroxysterol Δ24-reductase (DHCR24) at the final step in the cholesterol biosynthesis. In vivo lenticular concentration of E2012 after 13-week repeated dose with cataract was well above those where inhibition was observed in vitro.E2012 induces cataract in the rat by inhibiting DHCR24 at the final step of cholesterol synthesis with associated elevation in desmosterol within the lens, preceded by desmosterol changes that would serve as a predictive safety biomarker for lenticular opacity [2].
[D-Trp8] Somatostatin-14, a tetradecapeptide, is an analog of Somatostatin more potent than the native Somatostatin[1].
Albanol B is an arylbenzofuran derivative which can be isolated from mulberries. Albanol B exhibits anti-Alzheimer's disease, anti-bacterial and antioxidant activities. Albanol B inhibits cancer cells proliferation, down-regulates CDK1 expression. Albanol B also induces cell cycle arrest at G2/M and apoptosis. And Albanol B induces mitochondrial ROS production and increases the phosphorylation levels of AKT and ERK1/2[1].
Dynamin IN-2 (compound 43), a Wiskostatin (HY-12534) analogue, is a potent dynamin inhibitor, with an IC50 of 1.0 μM for dynamin I GTPase. Dynamin IN-2 also blocks clathrin mediated endocytosis (CME), with an IC50 of 9.5 μM[1].
Aceprometazine (1664CB) is an orally active antipsychotic. Aceprometazine can be used in the study of psychiatric disorders, such as depression[1].
Desmethylcitalopram (DCIT) hydrochloride is the active metabolite of Citalopram (HY-121203). Desmethylcitalopram has antidepressant effects. Desmethylcitalopram also inhibits cytochrome P450-2D6, -2C19 with IC50s of 39.5 and 53.5 μM[1].
Picrotoxinin, a potent convulsant, is a chloride channel blocker. Picrotoxinin is a noncompetitive GABAA receptor antagonist, which negatively modulates the action of GABA on GABAA receptors[1].
Flupirtine(D 9998) is a selective neuronal potassium channel opener that also has NMDA receptor antagonist properties.IC50 Value: Target: Potassium channel; NMDA receptorin vitro: High concentrations of flupirtine antagonized inward currents to NMDA(200 microM) at -70 mV with an lC50 against steady-state responses of 182.1+/-12.1 microM. The effects of flupirtine were voltage-independent and not associated with receptor desensitization making actions within the NMDA receptor channel or at the glycine modulatory site unlikely. NMDA receptor antagonism probably has little relevance for the clinical efficacy of flupirtine as the concentrations needed were far higher than those achieved in clinical practice. However, the activation of a G-protein-regulated inwardly rectifying K+ channel was identified as an interesting molecular target site of flupirtine. In the next stage, the central nervous spectrum of action of experimental K+ channel openers (PCO) was considered. As far as they have been studied, experimental K+ channel openers display a spectrum of action comparable to that of flupirtine [1]. Therapeutic flupirtine concentrations (≤10 ?M) did not affect voltage-gated Na(+) or Ca(2+) channels, inward rectifier K(+) channels, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, glycine or ionotropic glutamate receptors. Flupirtine shifted the gating of K(V)7 K(+) channels to more negative potentials and the gating of GABA(A) receptors to lower GABA concentrations [2]. Cell exposure to flupirtine decreased the amplitude of delayed rectifier K(+) current (I(K(DR))) with a concomitant raise in current inactivation in NSC-34 neuronal cells [4].in vivo: Rats were trained to discriminate the novel analgesic flupirtine (10.0 mg/kg i.p., 10 min) from no drug under a two-choice fixed-ratio 5 shock-termination schedule. Flupirtine yielded a dose-response curve with an ED50 of 3.87 mg/kg. The opioid analgesics pentazocine, codeine and tramadol failed to produce flupirtine appropriate responding. The opioid antagonist naltrexone did not antagonize the discriminative effects of flupirtine [3]. Both morphine (ED?? =?0.74?mg/kg) and flupirtine (ED???=?3.32?mg/kg) caused dose-related anti-hyperalgesia at doses that did not cause sedation [5]. Toxicity: Based on study-end data, hepatotoxicity was detected in 31% of patients receiving flupirtine for ≥ 6 weeks [6].
Urocortin, rat is a selective agonist of CRF receptor, with Kis of 0.32, 2.2, and 0.62 nM for hCRF1, rCRF2α and mCRF2β, respectively.
Luzindole (N-0774) is a selective melatonin receptor antagonist. Luzindole preferentially targets MT2 (Mel1b) over MT1 (Mel1a) with Ki values of 10.2 and 158 nM for human MT2 and MT1, respectively. Luzindole suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and exerts antidepressant-like activity[1][2][3].
Dihexa is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-permeable angiotensin IV analog; exhibits high affinity binding hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) with a Kd of 65 pM.
NS1738 is a novel positive allosteric modulator of the α7 nAChR, with respect to positive modulation of α7 nAChR (EC50=3.4 μM in oocyte experiments).
MAO-IN-1 is a monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) inhibitor with an IC50 of 20 nM.
Dapoxetine-d6 is the deuterium labeled Dapoxetine[1]. Dapoxetine (LY-210448) is an orally active and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Dapoxetine can be used for the research of premature ejaculation (PE)[2].
Paliperidone (9-hydroxyrisperidone) is a dopamine antagonist of the atypical antipsychotic class of medications. IC50 value:Target: dopamine receptorin vitro: Paliperidone inhibited MK-801 induced neurotoxicity both in MTT metabolism assay (p<0.01) and in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity assay (p<0.01). Moreover, paliperidone could significantly retard MK-801-mediated inhibition of neurite outgrowth (p<0.01) and reverse MK-801-induced decreases of gene expression and phosphorylation of Akt1 and GSK3β (both p<0.01). Furthermore, these protective effects of paliperidone were blocked by pretreatment with a PI3K inhibitor LY294002 [1]. paliperidone works finely at low concentrations (10 and 50 μM) against Aβ(25-35) and MPP(+) and solely protected SH-SY5Y from hydrogen peroxide. At 100 μM, paliperidone completely diminished cell reduction induced by different stressors, regardless of their dosages. Paliperidone was demonstrated with a higher oxidative stress-scavenging properties than other APDs in several aspects, such as generated bulk glutathione, low HNE, and protein carbonyl productions [2].in vivo: The 9OHRIS (4 mg/bwkg) was administred by gastric tube. Four groups were formed depending on the treatment: (1) control, (2) stress, (3) 9OHRIS, (4) stress and parallel 9OHRIS treatment (n=5-6). The expression of APP, MAPK1, β-actin mRNAs from the perfused brain samples was measured with real-time PCR technique [3].Male offspring were treated orally via drinking water with vehicle, risperidone (0.01mg/kg/day), or paliperidone (0.01mg/kg/day) between postnatal days 35 and 56 (periadolescence) and extracellular glutamate levels in the prefrontal cortex were determined by microdialysis at PD 56 [4].
L-Hisidine is an essential amino acid for infants. L-Hisidine is an inhibitor of mitochondrial glutamine transport.
Lp-PLA2-IN-4 is a potent inhibitor of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2). Lp-PLA2 previously known as platelet- activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), is a phospholipase A2 enzyme involved in hydrolysis of lipoprotein lipids or phospholipids. Lp-PLA2-IN-4 has the potential for the research of diseases associated with the activity of Lp-PLA2, for example atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease (extracted from patent WO2021228159A1, compound 38)[1].
Phyllomedusin, an tachykinin decapeptide, is a NK1 receptor agonist. Phyllomedusin has vasodilating activity and provokes the contraction of the pylorus[1][2][3].
Pipenzolate bromide is a muscarinic receptor antagonist, preventing acetyl choline from binding to the receptors.
α-Synuclein (71-82) (human) is the 71-82 fragment of α-Synuclein. α-Synuclein is an abundant neuronal protein that is highly abundant in presynaptic nerve terminals. α-Synuclein is a biomarker for Parkinson's disease (PD)[1].
Rivastigmine tartrate, an cholinesterase inhibitor(IC50= 5.5 uM), inhibits both butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesteraseIC50 value: 5.5 uMTarget: AChERivastigmine is a parasympathomimetic or cholinergic agent for the treatment of mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's type and dementia due to Parkinson's disease. The drug can be administered orally or via a transdermal patch; the latter form reduces the prevalence of side effects, which typically include nausea and vomiting. The drug is eliminated through the urine, and appears to have relatively few drug-drug interactions. Rivastigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, inhibits both butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase. It is thought to work by inhibiting these cholinesterase enzymes, which would otherwise break down the brain chemical acetylcholine.
SC-51089 is a selective antagonist of EP1 receptor with analgesic activity in vivo[1].
PW0787 is a potent, selective, orally active, and brain-penetrant GPR52 agonist (EC50=135 nM). PW0787 suppresses psychostimulant behavior[1].