RET agonist BT44 is a novel, specific RET agonist, promotes RET phosphorylation and selectively activates downstream cascades in the cells expressing GFL receptors.BT44 has no effect on TrkA and TrkB receptors; In GFRα1/RET expressing cells, 10–50 µM of BT44 increased the activity of luciferase reporter by approximately two fold (P<0.0001).BT44 dose-dependently stimulated neurite outgrowth from DRG sensory neurons and its efficacy was comparable to that of ARTN.BT44 alleviated mechanical hypersensitivity in surgery- and diabetes-induced rat models of neuropathic pain.
β-Secretase inhibitor ([Asn670, Sta671, Val672]-Amyloid β Peptide (662-675)) is a β-secretase and BACE1 inhibitor (IC50: 25 nM for β-secretase)[1].
MK-0249 is a potent histamine H3 receptor antagonist, with Ki of 1.7 nM for human H3.
Pimethixene maleate is antihistamine and antiserotonergic compound, acts as an antimigraine agent.Pimethixene maleate is a highly potent antagonist of 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C, histamine H1, dopamine D2 and D4.4 as well as muscarinic M1 and M2 receptors, with pKis of 7.63, 10.22, 10.44, 8.42, 10.14, 8.19, 7.54, 8.61 and 9.38, respectively[1].
[MePhe7]-Neurokinin B is an neurokinin NK-3 receptor (NK3R) agonist with an IC50 value of 3 nM. [MePhe7]-Neurokinin B is a potential regulator of pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion via activation of the neurokinin-3 receptor (NK3R)[1].
DSLET ([D-Ser2, Leu5, Thr6]-enkephalin) is a highly specific agonist of the δ-receptor. DSLET is an enkephalin-related peptide selectively bound to the δ opioid receptor[1][2].
Octopamine Hydrochloride is an endogenous biogenic amine that is closely related to norepinephrine, and has effects on the adrenergic and dopaminergic systems.Target: Dopamine Receptor; Adrenergic ReceptorOctopamine is present in relatively high concentrations in neuronal as well as in non-neuronal tissues of most invertebrate species studied, and modulates almost every physiological process. Octopamine acts as neurohormone including desensitization of sensory inputs, influence on learning and memory, or regulation of the mood of the animal in the central nervous system. Octopamine is the only neuroactive non-peptide transmitter whose physiological role is restricted to invertebrates, and all octopamine receptors belong to the family of G-protein coupled receptors [1].Octopamine (10 μM) injected into the mushroom body (MB) calyces or the antennal lobe but not the lateral protocerebral lobe produces a lasting, pairing-specific enhancement of extension of the proboscis. Octopamine (10 μM) injected into the MB calyces results in an additional pairing-specific effect, because it does not lead to an acquisition but a consolidation after conditioning [2]. Octopamine treatment significantly elevates levels of octopamine in the brain and caused a significant dose-dependent increase in the number of new foragers. Octopamine treatment is effective only when given to bees old enough to forage, i.e., older than 4 days of age. Octopamine influences division of labor in honey bee colonies [3].
Eltoprazine(DU28853) is a serenic or antiaggressive agent which as an agonist at the 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors and as an antagonist at the 5-HT2C receptor.IC50 value:Target: 5-HT1A/1B agonist; 5-HT2C antagonistin vitro: The binding of [3H]eltoprazine to whole tissue sections was saturable and revealed an apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of 11 nM. Specific [3H]eltoprazine binding was completely displaced by 5-HT; conversely, unlabelled eltoprazine reduced [3H]5-HT binding to the levels of non-specific binding [1]. Eltoprazine evoked membrane changes that were similar to but much weaker than those induced by 5HT. Both the 5HT- and eltoprazine-evoked membrane hyperpolarizations were largely suppressed in the presence of spiperone [2].in vivo: eltoprazine is extremely effective in suppressing dyskinesia in experimental models, although this effect was accompanied by a partial worsening of the therapeutic effect of l-dopa. Interestingly, eltoprazine was found to (synergistically) potentiate the antidyskinetic effect of amantadine. The current data indicated that eltoprazine is highly effective in counteracting dyskinesia in preclinical models [3]. Rats were chronically treated with mianserin (10 mg/kg i.p.) or eltoprazine (1 mg/kg i.p.) and were tested in the elevated plus-maze test for anxiety. Mianserin and eltoprazine displayed opposite effects in the elevated plus-maze: mianserin induced anxiolytic-like effects, while eltoprazine showed anxiogenic-like ones [4].
GR 103691 is a potent, selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonist with a Ki value of 0.4 nM. GR 103691 shows more than 100-fold selectivity for human dopamine human (h)D3 over hD4 and hD1 sites[1].
(R)-Tetrahydropapaverine hydrochloride is the inactive isomer of Tetrahydropapaverine hydrochloride (HY-N0137), and can be used as an experimental control. Tetrahydropapaverine hydrochloride is one of the Tetrahydroisoquinolines. Tetrahydropapaverine hydrochloride has neurotoxic effects on dopamine neurons[1][2].
LY3154885 is an orally active dopamine D1 receptor positive allosteric modulator (PAM). LY3154885 has an improved drug-drug interactions (DDI) risk profile[1].
Bacoside A2 is a triterpenoid saponin[1].
Coronaridine, an iboga type alkaloid, inhibits the wnt signaling pathway by decreasing β-catenin expression[1].
3-Hydroxycarbofuran, a major metabolite of Carbofuran, is a reversible acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor[1].
2,3-Dihydroxy-4-methoxyacetophenone is a neuroprotective compound from Cynenchum paniculatum. 2,3-Dihydroxy-4-methoxyacetophenone improves cognitive function and may has the potential for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease research[1].
LY354740 is a highly potent and selective group II (mGlu2/3) receptor agonist with IC50s of 5 and 24 nM on transfected human mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptors, respectively.
p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde-d5 is the deuterium labeled p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde[1]. p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a one of the major components in vanilla aroma, with antagonistic effect on GABAA receptor of the α1β2γ2S subtype at high concentrations[2].
MS21570 is a selective GPR171 antagonist, with an IC50 of 220 nM.
L791943 is a potent, selective Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor with an IC50 of 4.2 nM.
Viloxazine (Viloxazin) is a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, also a potent 5-HT2C agonist and 5-HT2B antagonist with an EC50 of 32 μM and an IC50 of 27 μM for 5-HT2C and 5-HT2B, respectively. The mechanism of action of Viloxazine predominantly involves serotonergic and noradrenergic pathways. Viloxazine can be used for researching depression[1][2].
DAA1106 is a potent and selective ligand for peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), as a potent and selective agonist at the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor.Target:PBRin vitro: DAA1106 binding to PBR was significantly increased in widespread areas in MCI subjects when compared to healthy controls.[1] DAA-1106 is a drug which acts as a potent and selective agonist at the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, also known as the mitochondrial 18 kDa translocator protein or TSPO, but with no affinity at the GABAA receptor. [2]in vivo: DAA-1106 has anxiolytic effects in animal studies. DAA-1106 has a sub-nanomolar binding affinity (Ki) of 0.28nM, and has been used extensively in its 3H or 11C radiolabelled form to map TSPO in the body and brain, which has proved especially helpful in monitoring the progress of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. [2]
N-acetyl CCK-(26-30) amide (CCK-(26-30) (sulfated)) is a cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor antagonist[1].
UK-240455 is a potent and selective N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) glycine site antagonist.
MTPG is a potent mGluR2 and mGluR3 antagonist. MTPG can block the induction of brain ischemic tolerance induced by cerebral ischemic preconditioning. MTPG also significantly attenuates the inhibitory effect of L-CCG-1 on the KCl-evoked dopamine release[1].
MK-1468 is a high selective and brain-penetrant inhibitor of LRRK2 with an IC50 of 0.8 nM. MK-1468 can be used in study Parkinson’s disease[1].
Dexamisole has R configuration that has a role as an antidepressant[1].
Onfasprodil is negative allosteric modulator of NR2B. Onfasprodil in combination with GABA receptor regulator has the potential for the research of Alzheimer's disease (extracted from patent CN111481543A)[1].
DHBP dibromide is an inhibitor for calcium release and a muscle relaxant.
Fexofenadine is a third-generation antihistamine pharmaceutical drug used in the treatment of allergy symptoms, such as hay fever, nasal congestion, and urticaria.
Dehydroaripiprazole-d8 is deuterium labeled Dehydroaripiprazole. Dehydroaripiprazole (OPC-14857) is an active metabolite of Aripiprazole. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic agent and is metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 forming mainly Dehydroaripiprazole. Dehydroaripiprazole has with antipsychotic activity equivalent to Aripiprazole[1][2][3].