Xenopsin: the neurotensin-like octapeptide from Xenopus skin at the carboxyl terminus of its precursor.
Aminoadipic acid is an intermediate in the metabolism of lysine and saccharopine.
Cordycepin, which is a nucleoside derivative isolated from Cordyceps, inhibits IL-1β-induced MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) in a dose-dependent manner.
Danshensu, an active ingredient of Salvia miltiorrhiza, shows wide cardiovascular benefit by activating Nrf2 signaling pathway.
Catalpol, an iridoid glycoside, has neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hepatitis virus effects.IC50 Value:Target: neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hepatitis virus natural product.In vitro: Catalpol could be encapsulated into composite nanofibers and induce differentiation of hASCs into neural-like cells, which might offer new avenues in nerve regeneration [1].In vivo: The pharmacokinetics of catalpol in normal and doxorubicin-induced chronic kidney disease rats after oral administration of Rehmannia glutinosa extract was determined, and the extraction recoverie of catalpol was higher than 68.24% [2]. The protective effect of catalpol on renal IRI mice through suppressing phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt)-endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and against inflammation, and the possible underlying mechanism [3].
Ganoderic acid can Inhibitt of the JAK-STAT3 signaling pathway, also inhibit proliferation, viability, ROS.In vitro: A lower doses of Ganoderic acid enhance HLA class II-mediated antigen presentation and CD4+ T cell recognition of lymphoma. [1] ganoderic acid A promots cisplatin-induced cell death by enhancing the sensitivity of HepG2 cells to cisplatin mainly via the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 suppression. [2] Ganoderic acid A inhibits proliferation, viability, ROS, DPPH, and analyzed the expression of SOD1, SOD2, and SOD3 by Real time PCR in a PC-3 cell in a dose-dependent manner.[3] GA-A effectively inhibites the proliferation of human osteosarcoma HOS and MG-63 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and induced obvious cell apoptosis in both cells.[4]In vivo: Ganoderic acid -treatment significantly prolonged survival of EL4 challenged mice and decreased tumor metastasis to the liver.[1]
Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a widespread phenolic ester compound in the plants. Rosmarinic acid inhibits MAO-A, MAO-B and COMT enzymes with IC50s of 50.1, 184.6 and 26.7 μM, respectively.
Lathyrol is a natural product, and is used for cancer treatment.
Eleutheroside E, a principal component of Eleutherococcus enticosus, has anti-inflammatory and protective effects in ischemia heart. IC50 value:Target:In vitro: Treatment of 10 μM Eleutheroside E (EE) for 24 h increased basal glucose uptake as well as improved TNF-α-mediated suppression of glucose uptake. [2]In vivo: To investigate the effect of Eleutheroside E (EE) on arthritis, the CIA model in DBA/1 mice was used. Compared to vehicle-treated CIA mice, 15 mg/kg TG treatment and 30 and 60 mg/kg EE treatment obviously decreased the arthritis scores and body weight loss in CIA mice (P<0.01) [1].
1-Methyladenine is a product of alkylation damage in DNA which can be repaired by damage reversal by oxidative demethylation.
Aucubin is an iridoid glycoside with a wide range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-algesic as well as anti-tumor activities.IC50 value:Target:In vitro: Aucubin promotes neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth in neural stem cells cultured primarily from the rat embryonic hippocampus [1]. Aucubin significantly reversed the elevated gene and protein expression of MMP-3, MMP-9, MMP-13, iNOS, COX-2 and the production of NO induced by IL-1β challenge in rat chondrocytes [2]. In vivo:
Tauroursodeoxycholate is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor. Tauroursodeoxycholate significantly reduces expression of apoptosis molecules, such as caspase-3 and caspase-12. Tauroursodeoxycholate also inhibits ERK.
Spermidine, a precursor of spermine, is a polyamine derived from putrescine and could help stabilize some membranes and nucleic acid structures.
Acipimox is a niacin derivative used as a hypolipidemic agent.Target: Acipimox is a niacin derivative used as a hypolipidemic agent. It is used in low doses and may have less marked adverse effects, although it is unclear whether the recommended dose is as effective as are standard doses of nicotinic acid. Acipimox inhibits the production of triglycerides by the liver and the secretion of VLDL, which leads indirectly to a modest reduction in LDL and increase in HDL. Long-term administration is associated with reduced mortality, but unwanted effects limit its clinical use. Adverse effects include flushing (associated with Prostaglandin D2), palpitations, and GI disturbances. Flushing can be reduced by taking aspirin 20-30 min before taking Acipimox. High doses can cause disorders of liver function, impair glucose tolerance and precipitate gout. From Wikipedia.
Anandamide is an immune modulator in the central nervous system acts via not only cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) but also other targets (e.g., GPR18/GPR55).
Phenylacetylglutamine is a colonic microbial metabolite from amino acid fermentation.
Oligomycin A, created by Streptomyces, acts as a mitochondrial F0F1-ATPase inhibitor, with a Ki of 1 μM; Oligomycin A shows anti-fungal activity.
Corynoxine is an enantiomer of Corynoxine B; induces autophagy in different neuronal cell lines, including N2a and SHSY-5Y cells.IC50 value:Tareget: Autophagy inducerIn vivo, Cory promotes the formation of autophagosomes in the fat bodies of Drosophila. By inducing autophagy, Cory promotes the clearance of wild-type and A53T α-syn in inducible PC12 cells. Interestingly, different from its enantiomer Cory B, Cory induces autophagy through the Akt/mTOR pathway as evidenced by the reduction in the levels of phospho-Akt, phospho-mTOR and phospho-p70 S6 Kinase [1]. Corynoxine significantly decreased locomotor activity after oral administration to mice [2].
Galactose 1-phosphate is an intermediate in the galactose metabolism and nucleotide sugars.
2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid is a biomass-derived diacid that can be used to make polymers including polyethylene furandicarboxylate (PEF).
Phloracetophenone (2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone) is the aglycone part of acetophenone glycoside obtained from Curcuma comosa Roxb, with cholesterol-lowering activity. Phloracetophenone enhances cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) activity[1]. Phloracetophenone stimulats bile secretion mediated through Mrp2[2].
25,26-Dihydroxyvitamin D3(25,26-dihydroxycholecalciferol) is a metabolite of vitamin D3 with intestinal calcium transport activity.IC50 value:Target: VD metaboliteThe biological activity of synthetic 24,25 and 25,26 diOHD3 was studied in vitamin D-deficient rats. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of small doses of both metabolites (0.125-0.250 mug) upon intestinal calcium transport and bone calcium mobilization. Both metabolites were able to increase calcium absorption in rats maintained on a calcium-deficient diet, but failed to do it in rats on a normal calcium diet. Bilateral nephrectomy suppressed this effect. The "bone calcium mobilization" of both derivatives was measured in vitamin D and calcium- or phosphorus-deprived rats after one intravenous dose. When serum calcium was initially low, 24,25 and 25,26 diOHD3 increased serum calcium moderately, but the increment was only significant with 24,25 diOHD3.
Delta-Tocopherol is an isomer of Vitamin E.
Deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP), a nucleoside triphosphate, is a raw material in DNA synthesis. Deoxycytidine triphosphate has many applications, such as real-time PCR, cDNA synthesis, and DNA sequencing.
Hederacoside D is one of the bioactive saponins from Hedera helix, and plays pivotal roles in the overall biological activity.
IKarisoside A(Icarisoside-A) is a natural compound isolated from Epimedium koreanum (Berberidaceae); has anti-inflammatory properties.IC50 value:Target: in vitro: Ikarisoside A inhibited the expression of LPS-stimulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the production of nitric oxide (NO) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, Ikarisoside A reduced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta). Furthermore, Ikarisoside A inhibited the activity of p38 kinase and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) [1]. Ikarisoside A is a potent inhibitor of osteoclastogenesis in RANKL-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells as well as in bone marrow-derived macrophages.The inhibitory effect of Ikarisoside A resulted in decrease of osteoclast-specific genes like matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANK), and cathepsin K. Moreover, Ikarisoside A blocked the resorbing capacity of RAW 264.7 cells on calcium phosphate-coated plates. Ikarisoside A also has inhibitory effects on the RANKL-mediated activation of NF-kappaB, JNK, and Akt [2].
Geniposidic acid is an effective anticancer and radioprotection agent.Target: OthersMice were given an intraperitoneal injection of Geniposidic acid (GA) (12.5, 25, 50 mg/kg) 1 h before receiving GA against d-galactosamine (GalN) (800 mg/kg)/LPS (40 μg/kg). Liver and blood samples were collected 1 and 8 h after GalN/LPS injection. The survival rate of the GA group was significantly higher than the control. GalN/LPS increased serum aminotransferase activity, serum tumor necrosis factor-α level and hepatic lipid peroxidation and decreased hepatic glutathione content [1]. GA enhanced significantly the postirradiation responses of splenic blastogenesis by PHA. In addition, GA is a potent tumor growth inhibitor when combined with the X-irradiation, though there was no significant synergetic effect on their combined antitumor activity. The preliminary results of GA on hematological and blastogenic observations in this study suggested that it may very well, partially, play a role in an effective anticancer product with the ability to decrease undesirable radiation damage to the hematologic tissue after high dose irradiation [2].
2-Amino-1-phenylethanol is an analogue of noradrenaline.
Isotanshinone I has inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and formation of AGE, with IC50s of 1.13, 0.432 μM for α-glucosidase and AGE, respectively.
Gossypol, a natural product isolated from cottonseeds and roots, binds to Bcl-xL protein and Bcl-2 protein with Kis of 0.5-0.6 μM and 0.2-0.3 mM, respectively.