Beraprost sodium, a prostacyclin analog, is a stable and orally active prodrug of PGI2. Beraprost sodium is a potent vasodilator, has the potential for pulmonary arterial hypertension treatment through expanding renal vessels, improving microcirculation[1].
Ghrelin receptor full agonist-2 is a highly potent Ghrelin receptor full agonist.
(Rac)-ICI-118551 hydrochloride is a selective β2-adrenergic receptor antagonist. (Rac)-ICI-118551 hydrochloride can inhibit dendrite ramification of hippocampal neurons in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease[1].
TP-051 is a potent FFAR1 agonist with an Ki value of 16 nM for human FFAR1. TP-051 can increase insulin secretion in rat insulinoma cells. TP-051 can be used to research type 2 diabetes[1].
Desmethylclozapine-d8 (Norclozapine-d8) hydrochloride is the deuterium labeled N-Desmethylclozapine hydrochloride. N-Desmethylclozapine hydrochloride is a major active metabolite of the atypical antipsychotic drug Clozapine. N-Desmethylclozapine hydrochloride is a potent, allosteric and partial M1 receptors agonist (EC50=115 nM) and is able to potentiate hippocampal N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor currents through M1 receptor activation. N-Desmethylclozapine hydrochloride is also a δ-opioid agonist[1][2][3].
Urocortin, rat is a selective agonist of CRF receptor, with Kis of 0.32, 2.2, and 0.62 nM for hCRF1, rCRF2α and mCRF2β, respectively.
Luzindole (N-0774) is a selective melatonin receptor antagonist. Luzindole preferentially targets MT2 (Mel1b) over MT1 (Mel1a) with Ki values of 10.2 and 158 nM for human MT2 and MT1, respectively. Luzindole suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and exerts antidepressant-like activity[1][2][3].
Irsogladine is a PDE4 inhibitor and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binder.Target: PDE4; mACHRIrsogladine treatment (300 and 500 mg/kg/day) resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of angiogenesis in wild-type mice by 21 and 45.3% (P < 0.02, P < 0.001), in tPA-deficient mice by 42.6 and 46% (P < 0.001, P < 0.001), and in uPA-deficient mice by 27.2 and 46% (P < 0.05, p < 0.001), respectively. Irsogladine inhibits bFGF-induced angiogenesis in wild-type, tPA-knockout, and uPA-knockout mice [1]. Irsogladine up-regulates GJIC between PC cells via regulation of the PKA pathway. It also suggests a useful adjuvant of Irsogladine to pancreatic cancer therapy [2]. irsogladine produces the increase of intracellular cAMP content via non-selective inhibition of PDE isozymes, which may be a key mechanism involved in its gastroprotective actions [3].
PSB-12379 is a potent Ecto-5'-Nucleotidase (CD73) inhibitor with Kis of 9.03 nM (rat) and 2.21 nM (human).
Paliperidone (9-hydroxyrisperidone) is a dopamine antagonist of the atypical antipsychotic class of medications. IC50 value:Target: dopamine receptorin vitro: Paliperidone inhibited MK-801 induced neurotoxicity both in MTT metabolism assay (p<0.01) and in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity assay (p<0.01). Moreover, paliperidone could significantly retard MK-801-mediated inhibition of neurite outgrowth (p<0.01) and reverse MK-801-induced decreases of gene expression and phosphorylation of Akt1 and GSK3β (both p<0.01). Furthermore, these protective effects of paliperidone were blocked by pretreatment with a PI3K inhibitor LY294002 [1]. paliperidone works finely at low concentrations (10 and 50 μM) against Aβ(25-35) and MPP(+) and solely protected SH-SY5Y from hydrogen peroxide. At 100 μM, paliperidone completely diminished cell reduction induced by different stressors, regardless of their dosages. Paliperidone was demonstrated with a higher oxidative stress-scavenging properties than other APDs in several aspects, such as generated bulk glutathione, low HNE, and protein carbonyl productions [2].in vivo: The 9OHRIS (4 mg/bwkg) was administred by gastric tube. Four groups were formed depending on the treatment: (1) control, (2) stress, (3) 9OHRIS, (4) stress and parallel 9OHRIS treatment (n=5-6). The expression of APP, MAPK1, β-actin mRNAs from the perfused brain samples was measured with real-time PCR technique [3].Male offspring were treated orally via drinking water with vehicle, risperidone (0.01mg/kg/day), or paliperidone (0.01mg/kg/day) between postnatal days 35 and 56 (periadolescence) and extracellular glutamate levels in the prefrontal cortex were determined by microdialysis at PD 56 [4].
Phyllomedusin, an tachykinin decapeptide, is a NK1 receptor agonist. Phyllomedusin has vasodilating activity and provokes the contraction of the pylorus[1][2][3].
SC-51089 is a selective antagonist of EP1 receptor with analgesic activity in vivo[1].
VU6000918 is a muscarinic acetylcholine (M4) positive allosteric modulator, with an EC50 of 19 nM for hM4[1].
KRas G12C inhibitor 2 is a compound that inhibits KRas G12C, extracted from patent US 20180072723 A1.
1a,1b-Dihomo prostaglandin E1 (1a,1b-Dihomo PGE1) is a class of prostaglandin compound[1].
RP-001 hydrochloride is a picomolar short-acting S1P1 (EDG1) selective agonist, with an EC50 of 9 pM. RP-00 hydrochloride induces internalization and polyubiquitination of S1P1. RP-001 hydrochloride has little activity on S1P2-S1P4 and only moderate affinity for S1P5[1].
Mosapride citrate is a gastroprokinetic agent that acts as a selective 5HT4 agonist.Target: 5HT4 Mosapride is a gastroprokinetic agent that acts as a selective 5HT4 agonist. The major active metabolite of mosapride, known as M1, additionally acts as a 5HT3 antagonist, which accelerates gastric emptying throughout the whole of the gastrointestinal tract in humans, and is used for the treatment of gastritis, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome. It is recommended to be taken on an empty stomach (i.e. at least one hour before food or two hours after food).In addition to its prokinetic properties, mosapride also exerts anti-inflammatory effects on the gastrointestinal tract which may contribute to some of its therapeutic effects. Mosapride also promotes neurogenesis in the gastrointestinal tract which may prove useful in certain bowel disorders. The neurogenesis is due to mosapride's effect on the 5-HT4 receptor where it acts as an agonist.Its common side effects include dry mouth, abdominal pain, dizziness, headache, insomnia, malaise, nausea, diarrhoea and sometimes constipation. Unlike some other prokinetic agents, mosapride has little effect on potassium channels, no effect on hERG transfected cells, and no effect on cardiovascular function that could be detected in tests on humans. Due to the pharmacokinetics of mosapride, it would take 1,000 - 3,000 times the therapeutic dose to elicit cardiovascular effects.
Timapiprant sodium (OC000459 sodium) is a potent, selective, and orally active D prostanoid receptor 2 (DP2, also known as CRTH2) antagonist. Timapiprant sodium (OC000459 sodium) potently displaces [3H] PGD2 from human recombinant DP2 (Ki=13 nM), rat recombinant DP2 (Ki=3 nM), and human native DP2 (Ki=4 nM). Timapiprant sodium (OC000459 sodium) inhibits mast cell activation of Th2 lymphocytes and eosinophils[1].
KRAS G12C inhibitor 50 (Example 4) is a KRAS G12C inhibitor with an IC50 of 46.7 nM[1].
Dexchlorpheniramine is an potent and blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetrant histamine 1 (H1) receptor antagonist with anticholinergic properties. Dexchlorpheniramine can be used for researching allergies[1].
Betahistine Dihydrochloride is a histamine H3 receptors inhibitor used as an antivertigo drug.Target: Histamine ReceptorBetahistine, a structural analogue of histamine with weak histamine H(1) receptor agonist and more potent H(3) receptor antagonist properties. Betahistine acts centrally by enhancing histamine synthesis within tuberomammillary nuclei of the posterior hypothalamus and histamine release within vestibular nuclei through antagonism of H(3) autoreceptors [1].Therapeutic effects of betahistine in vestibular disorders result from its antagonist properties at histamine H(3) receptors (H(3)Rs). On inhibition of cAMP formation and [(3)H]arachidonic acid release, betahistine behaved as a nanomolar inverse agonist and a micromolar agonist. After acute oral administration, Betahistine increased t-MeHA levels with an ED(50) of 2 mg/kg, a rightward shift probably caused by almost complete first-pass metabolism. Therapeutic effects of betahistine result from an enhancement of histamine neuron activity induced by inverse agonism at H(3) autoreceptors [2].
Cinitapride monotartrate is a 5-HT1A and 5-HT4 agonist. Cinitapride monotartrate is also a 5-HT2A and D2 antagonist. Cinitapride monotartrate can be used for the research of functional dyspepsia[1][2].
D3-βArr is a positive allosteric modulator for thyrotropin receptor (TSHR), which initiates translocation of β-Arr 1 by direct TSHR activation and potentiates TSH-mediated preosteoblast differentiation in vitro[1].
CB2R probe 1 is a safe and green CB2R (cannabinoid 2 receptor) fluorescent probe with an Ki of 130 nM. CB2R probe 1 shows low cytotoxicity in cancer cells[1].
ANEB-001 is an orally active CB1 inhibitor, can be used to research acute cannabinoid intoxication[1].
Rebamipide is an inducer of endogenous prostaglandin and a oxygen-derived free radical scavenger.Target: OthersRebamipide is the first anti-gastric ulcer and antigastritis drug that not only increases endogenous prostaglandin in gastric mucosa but also scavenges oxygen-derived free radicals and inhibits their production. The inhibitory effect of rebamipide on lipid peroxidation induced by a free radical initiator was also demonstrated by the in vitro system using rat gastric mucosal homogenates. These data indicate that rebamipide offers a potential for protection against reactive oxygen- and activated neutrophil-associated gastric mucosal injury by scavenging hydroxyl radical and inhibiting neutrophil activation or lipid peroxidation [1]. Rebamipide can contribute to the management of patients who are taking NSAIDs or are infected with H. pylori. Rebamipide may enhance eradication of H. pylori-infection using standard eradication therapy [2]. Rebamipide is beneficial for obtaining a better quality of ulcer healing and reduction of future ulcer relapse [3].
Rotundine is an antagonist of dopamine D1, D2 and D3 receptors with IC50s of 166 nM, 1.4 μM and 3.3 μM, respectively. Rotundine is also an antagonist of 5-HT1A with an IC50 of 370 nM.
CCR8 antagonist 2 is a potent antagonist of CCR8. CCR8 (C-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 8) is predominantly expressed on Treg cells and Th2 cells, but not on Th1 cells. CCR8 antagonist 2 inhibits CCR8 activity, which may be used in the treatment of diseases mediated by CCR8, such as cancer, and/or neuropathic pain (extracted from patent WO2022000443A1, compound 220)[1].
Muscarinic toxin 3 (MT3) is a potent and non-competitive mAChR and adrenoceptors antagonist with pIC50s of 6.71, 8.79, 8.86, 7.57, 8.13, 8.49, <6.5, 7.29 against M1, M4, α1A, α1B, α1D,α2A,α2B and α2C receptors, respectively. Muscarinic toxin 3 displays prominent adrenoceptor activity[1].
(1S)-CCR2 antagonist 1 is a left-handed chiral body of CCR2 antagonist 1 (HY-112792). CCR2 antagonist 1 is a high-affinity and long-residence-time CCR2 antagonist, with a Ki of 2.4 nM[1].